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Chapter 10 Agriculture

Terms in this set (85)

adaptive strategies
the idea tat humans can adapt their agricultural practices to the needs of the society or the environment EX: terrace rice patties, aquaculture
agrarian
the land and its ownership and cultivation
agribusiness
the system of agriculture found in developed countries
agricultural industrialization
the use of machinery in agriculture
agricultural location model (von thunen)
a theory that explains the pattern of agricultural use in terms of accessibility, costs, distance, and prices
agricultural origins
through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use them for their own use
animal domestication
altering the behaviors, size, and genetics of animals to benefit humans
biorevolution
the revolution of biotechnology and the use of it in societies
biotechnology
the use of genetically altered crops and DNA manipulation in order to increase production
collective farm
farm or group of farms organized as a unit and managed and worked by a group of laborers under state supervision; communist countries
cultivation regions
regions where there is agricultural activity
debt-for-nature swap
developing countries have some of their foreign debt exchanged for enacting conservation measures EX: Bolivia (preserve nature to get rid of debt)
double cropping
a type of intensive agriculture where two crops are harvested in the same field within a year
extensive agriculture
yields a large amount of output per acre through less intensive farming (uses a large amount of land)
extensive subsistence agriculture
a form of subsistence agriculture that involves large areas of land with minimal labor
environmental modifications
the destruction of the environment for the purpose of farming
extractive industry
businesses that take mineral resources from earth
farm crisis
the mass production of farm products that lowers the prices, which lowers the profits for farmers; this has led to the decrease in small farms
feedlot
a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market
food chain
a series of organisms interrelated in their feeding habits, the smallest being fed upon by a larger one, which in turn feeds a still larger one, etc
forestry
the art and science of cultivating, maintaining, and developing forest
growing season
the season in which crops grow best - can vary by location, societies rely on their growing season to which crops they can or cannot grow
intensive agriculture
yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrate farming (uses a small amount of land)
intensive subsistence agriculture
a form of subsistence agriculture where farmers expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum crop yield
intertillage
a system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote soil conservation
market gardening
a farm where people grow products that will be sold in a market (fruits and vegetables)
mineral fuels
natural resources containing hydrocarbons, which are not derived from animal or plant sources
mining
extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth
planned economy
an economic system in which the central government controls and makes decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods and services
plant domestication
altering the behaviors, size, and genetics of plants to benefit humans
Carl Sauer
believed that the hearth of vegetative planting was southeast asia, believed planting came before seed agriculture
second agricultural revolution
series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural surpluses (started before the industrial revolution)
specialization
the growth of specialized crops
staple grains
a principal raw material or commodity grown or produced in a region EX: cereal grain
wheat, rice, and maize
most produced grains in the world
suitcase farms
when someone owns and operates a farm, but lives somewhere else, usually a crops only farm (part time farming), work in urban areas but still operate farm
sustainable yield
ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself; the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same or increasing level over time
third agricultural revolution
"green revolution" biotechnology, invention of higher yield grains, especially rice, with the goal of reducing hunger
"tragedy of the commons"
social trap that involves a conflict over resources between interests and the common good, the global commons are exploited by everyone but not cared for by everyone
truck farm
farms that produce higher consumer demand in products and either trucks them to market or to processing plants
mediterranean agriculture
climate around the mediterranean which allows only certain agriculture to be practiced (all coastal, moisture, hot summers, moderate winters)
value added
takes a valuable product and turns it into something more valuable (grapes into wine)
survey patterns
rural land use and how it's divide up
Township and range - squares dividing the land
Metes and bounds - natural features dividing the land
hunters and gatherers
found mostly in southern africa - botswana, namibia, outback of australia
undernourishment
dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out lint physical activity
india, followed by china
by far the largest number of undernourished people
pastoral nomadism
a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals, N and S Africa
shifting cultivation
farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris
milpa, swiden, chitemene, ladang
names for shifting cultivation
plantation
large commercial farm in developing countries that specializes in one or two crops, was about exporting for good of a colonizer
agricultural revolution
the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
southwest asia, east asia, sub-saharan africa, latin america
agriculture originated in multiple hearths around the world
subsistence agriculture
found in developing countries, the production of food primarily for consumption
commercial agriculture
found in developed countries, the production of food primarily for sale off the farm
lack of opportunity to earn a decent income
people were pushed away from farms by
higher paying jobs in urban areas (getting away from farms)
people were pulled to
technology helped infertile land become fertile
amount of land being farmed increased because
the urban sprawl (urban areas pushing into the countryside)
farm land is decreasing because of
cereal grain
most humans derive most of their kilocalories through consumption of
crop rotation
the practice of rotating us of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
milkshed
ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
horticulture and tree crops
form the commercial base of mediterranean farming
ranching
the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
new farming methods and leaving land fallow for shorter periods of time
food supply increased in developing countries because of
food prices rather than food supply
greatest challenge to world food supply in the 21st century has been
market gardens and milk producers
forestry
various crops and pasture (grain/wheat)
livestock, ranching
order of rings in von thunen's model
increasing exports from countries with surpluses, expanding agricultural land, expanding fishing
strategies to increase the world's food supply
latin america
by far the leading region for export of agricultural products
japan
by far the leading importer of food
green revolution
the invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques in the 70s and 80s
california
number one in agriculture in the US
assuming that all land is the same, no mountains, rivers, etc in between
flaw of von thunen's model
intensive agriculture
when farmers need large amount of money and or labor per unit of land, smaller plots of land, higher yields and value per unit of land (supports more population)
extensive agriculture
farmers use less money and labor per unit of land, larger plots of land, lower yields and value per unit of land
dairy, market gardens, livestock-grain farming
intensive commercial agriculture
wheat farms, ranching
extensive commercial agriculture
planting rice, double cropping
intensive subsistence agriculture
pastoral nomadism, transhumance, shifting cultivation
extensive subsistence agriculture
geographic indication
if champagne is not produced in the champagne region, you can't call it champagne
tropical
shifting cultivation
dry areas
pastoral nomadism
warm mid-latitude
mixed crop and livestock
dry/warm mid-latitude
livestock ranching
warm mid-latitude
mediterranean
organic farming
agricultural production systems that do not use genetically modified seed, synthetic pesticides, or fertilizers
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