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Ch. 7+8
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Gravity
Terms in this set (56)
asthma
lung disorder resulting in bronchial tubes filling with mucus and tightening
obesity
based on BMI, greater than 85th percentile for sex and age
body mass index
measurement used to compare a person's height and weight to determine a healthy body weight
= weight/height^2
decode
to pronounce words correctly using knowledge of letters and sounds
ADHD
a disability related to inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
ADD
a disability related to inattention and lack of focus
concrete operational stage
Piaget's third stage of cognitive developments, between the age of 7-11 years, in which children's thinking is much more flexible than in early childhood
decentration
the ability to focus on several features of an object or task
least restrictive environment
a child with a disability must be educated in a setting that is similar to that of children who do not have a disibility
inclusion
a child with special needs is educated in a regular classroom
individualized education plan
a written document that details an educational plan for a child to succeed under the supervision and guidance from the family and teachers
seriation
the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension such as length or weight
transitivity
the ability to understand relationships and combine them mentally to draw new conclusions
intelligence
a person's problem-solving skills and use of everyday experiences to inform learning
theory of multiple intelligences
Gardner's theory that attribute eight types of intelligences to humans
triarchic theory of intelligence
Robert Sternberg's theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
metacomponents
Sternberg's term for intelligence components that help us plan, moniter, and evaluate our problem-solving strategies
performance components
Sternberg's term for intelligence components that help us execute the instructions of metacomponents
knowledge-acquisition components
Sternberg's term for intelligence components that help us learn how to solve problems in the first place
mental age
Binet's measure of an individual's mental development compared to others
IQ
Stern's concept of a child's intelligence, calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age, multiplied by 100
elaboration
an association between two or more pieces of information that are not necessarily related
moral development
thinking, feeling and behaving based on rules and customs about how people interact with others
heteronomous morality
Piaget's terms for moral development in children aged 4 to 7; they conceive of rules as unchangeable
immanent justice
Piaget's term for a child's belief that broken rules will be punished immediately
autonomous morality
Piaget's term for moral development in children after age 11; actions must be thought of in terms of intentions and consequences
ethics of care
Gilligan's perspective on moral thinking in which people view moral decisions in terms of relationships and responsibilities to others
stage theorists
reading theorists who argue that reading occurs in distinct developmental stages
non-stage theorists
reading theorists who argue that reading develops naturally, as does language
no child left behind act
federal legislation based on the notion that high standards and measurable goals improve individual educational outcomes; requires assessments in basic skills to be given to all students in certain grades
emergent readers
children who possess skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental precursors to formal reading
developing readers
readers who use letter sounds, words, illustrations and their own knowledge to predicts meaning
independent readers
competent, confident readers who use skills to derive meaning and enjoyment from reading
self-concept
a person's evaluation of himself or herself
self-esteem
one's personal sense of worth and value
competence
the ability to do something well
self-regulation
an individual's capacity to initiate, terminate, delay, modify, or redirect thought, emotion, behavior or action
stress
anything that upsets a person's equilibrium
child abuse
infliction of injury to a child
battered child syndrome
a combination of physical and other signs that attribute physical abuse
resilient children
children who sustained some type of psychological trauma yet return to a normal developmental path
menarche
girl's first menstruation
secular trend
the decreasing age of the onset of puberty
formal operational stage
Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development, featuring abstract thought and scientific thinking
spindle cells
neurons that play a large role in emotion
reticular activation system
complex subcortical system that protects the brain from being overwhelmed
adolescent egocentrism
self-centered thinking patterns of childhood that sometimes occur in the teen years
imaginary audience
adolescents perception that others are constantly scrutinizing their behavior and appearance
personal fable
adolescent's tendency to think of themselves in heroic terms
executive functioning
cognitive efforts involving attention and critical thinking
convergent thinking
thinking used when a problem to be solved has one correct answer
divergent thinking
thinking used when a problem to be solved has many possible answers
identity crisis
Erikson's term for a time of analyzing and making major decisions about one's identity
identity statuses
Marcia's categories that depicts levels of crisis and commitment that contribute to a sense of identity
early-onset trajectory
criminal behavior that begins before puberty
late-onset trajectory
criminal behavior that begins after puberty
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