1. Element- atomic number, symbol
2. electron configuration and orbitals
3. Groups and periods
4. oxidation states
5. periodic trends
STUDY
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Period
Rows
Group
Columns
Periodic trend- electronegativity Period L to R Rows top to bottom
Across period- increases, closer to noble gas Bottom to top- increases
Periodic trend- Atomic radius Left to right within a period Top to bottom
Across period- Decreases from left to right within a period. Stronger nuclear force. Down the row- increases, shielding effect.
Periodic trend- ionization energy Left to right across a period Up a group
The amout of energy necessary to remove the least tightly bound electron from an isolatedatom. Left to right across a period- increases, more tightly bounded. Up a group- increases, more tightly bounded.
Periodic trend-electron affinity
The energy associated with the addition of an electron to an isolated atom is known as the atom's electron affinity (EA). neg- energy is released when electron is added; pos- energy is required. Halogens- very large neg number, fulfill the octet configuration. Nobel gas- very large pos number, unstable. EA become more neg as we move to the right across a row or up a group (noble gases excepted)
Periodic trend- acidity
Horizontal trend- the more electrongeative the elment is, the more stable the anion will be. Acidity increases from L to R across the period. Vertical trend for acidity depends on the size of the anion. The larger the anion, the more the negative charge can be delocalized and stabilized. Therefore, acidity increases down a group or family.
Group 1 Group IA metal types, family, oxidation state, elements
Alkali metals, lithium family s block (first two rows) Oxidation numbers: +1 Oxidation states for H is +/- 1, with metal -1, with nonmental: +1 Element 1, 3, 11, 19, 37, 55, 87 H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Group 2 Group IIA Metal types, family oxidation state, elements
Alkali earth metals, beryllium family s block Oxidation numbers: +2 Element 4, 12, 20, 38, 56, 88 Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Group 3 Group IIIB
Transition metals, Scandium family d block (next ten rows) Oxidation numbers: +3 Element 21, 39, 57 Sc, Y, La
Group 4 Group IVB
Transition metals,Titanium family d block- variable oxidation numbers All B elements have variable oxidation numbers Element 22, 40, 72 Ti, Zr, Hf
Group 5 Group VB
Transition metals, Vanadium family d block Element 23, 41, 73 V, Nb, Ta
Group 6 Group VIB
Transition metals, Cromium family d block element 24, 42, 74 Cr, Mo, W
Group 7 Group VIIB
Transition metals, Manganase family d block element 25, 43, 75 Mn, Tc, Re
Group 8 Group VIIIB
Transition metals, iron family d block Element 26, 44, 76 Fe, Ru, Os
Group 9 Group VIIIB
Transition metals, cobalt family d block Element 27, 45, 77 Co, Rh, Ir
Group 10 Group VIIIB
Transition metals, Nickel family d block Element 28, 46, 78 Ni, Pd, Pt
Group 11 Group IB
Transition metals, Copper family d block Element 29, 47, 79 Cu, Ag, Au
Group 12 Group IIB
Transition metals, Zinc family d block element 30, 48, 80 Zn, Cd, Hg
Group 13 Group IIIA
Post transition metals, metalloids (ladder) p block (six rows fartherest to the left + He) Elements 5, 13, 31, 49, 81 Metalloids: B Post transittion metals (below the ladder): Al, Ga, ln, TI
Group 14 Group IVA
Nonmetals, metalloids, post transition metals p block Elements 6, 14, 32, 50, 82 Non metals: C Metalloids: Si, Ge Post transition metals: Sn, Pb
Group 15 Group VA
Nonmetals, metalloids, post transition metals p block Elements 7, 15, 33, 51, 83 Nonmetals: N, P metalloids: As, Sb Post transition metals: Bi
Group 16 Group VIA
Nonmetals, metalloids, postransition metals p block Element 8, 16, 34, 52, 84 Nonmetals: O, S, Se Metalloids: Te, Po
Oxygen oxidation number: -2, -1 in peroxides (H2O2)
Group 17 Group VIIA
Halogens Flouride family p block Element 9, 17, 35, 53, 85 F, Cl, Br, I, At
Flourine always has an oxidation number of -1.
Group 18 Group VIIIA
Noble gas Helium or neon family p block Element 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, 86 He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Lanthanum Series
f block Elements 58-71
Actinium Series
f block Elements 90-103
Period 1
Element 1, 2 H, He orbitals per shell (n^2)=1 Electrons per shell (2n^2)=2
Period 2
Element 3-10 Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne orbitals per shell=4 electrons per shell= 8
Period 3
Element 11-18 Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar orbitals per shell=9 Electrons per shell= 18
Period 4
Element 19-36 K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr Orbitals per shell=16 Electrons per shell= 36
Period 5
Element 37-54 Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, ln, Sn, Sb, Te, l, Xe Orbitals per shell= 25 Electrons per shell= 50
Period 6
Element 55-86 Lanthanum Series: 58-71 Element 55-57: Cs, Ba, La Lanthanum series, 58-71: Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu Element 72-86: Hf, ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, TI, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Rn
Period 7
Element 87-118 Actinium Series: 89-103 Element 87-88: Fr, Ra Actinium Series, 89-103: Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr Elements104-118: Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds, Rg, Uub, Uut, Uuq, Uup, Uuh, Uus, Uuo
Element 1 Atomic number 1 Symbol Element name Mass number Electron orbits electron configuration
1 H Hydrogen 1.1.00794 1 1s^1 l=0, m=0, n=1
Element 2
2 He Helium 4. 002602 2 1s^2 l=0, m=0, n=1
Element 3
3 Li Lithium 6. 941 2-1 1s^2 2s^1 l=0, m=0, n=2
Element 4
4 Be Beryllium 9.012182 2-2 1s^2 2s^2 l=0, m=0, n=2