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Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Terms in this set (6)

Vericose Veins
-a vein in which blood has pooled, producing distended, tortuous, and palpable vessels
Caused by:
1. trauma to the saphenous veins that damages one or more valves
2. gradual venous distention caused by the action of gravity on blood in the legs
-can develop over time in individuals who haabitually stand for long periods, wear constricting garments, or cross the legs at the knees, which diminishes the action of the muscle pump
-risk factors also include age, female gender, a family history of varicose veins, obesity, pregnancy, deep vein thrombosis, and previous leg injury
Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)
-an inadequate venous return over a long period
-venous hypertension, circulatory stasis, and tissue hypoxia cause an inflammatory reaction in vessels and tissuen leading to fibrosclerotic remodling of the skin and then to ulceration
-symptoms include edema of the lower extremities and hyperpigmentation of the skin of the feet and ankles
Venous Stasis Ulcers
-circulation to the extremities can become so sluggish that the metabolic demands to the cells to obtain oxygen and nutrients and to remove wastes are barely met
-any trauma or pressure can therefore lower the oxygen supply and cause cell death and necrosis (ulcers)
-infection can occur because poor circulation impairs the delivery of the cells and biochemicals necessary for the immune and inflammatory response
Thrombus
-a blood clot that remains attached to a vessel wall
Thromboembolus
-a detached thrombus
-venous thrombi are more common than arterial thrombi because flow and pressure are lower in the veins than in the arteries
-Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
-occurs primarily in the lower extremities
-Triad of Virchow (factors that promote venous thrombosis)
1. venous stasis (immobility, age, congestive heart failure)
2. venous endothelial damage (trauma, intravenous medications)
3. hypercoaguable states (inherited disorders, malignancy, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, or hormone replacement therapy)
-orthopedic trauma or surgery, spinal cord injury, and obstetric/gynecologic conditions can be associated with up to a 100% likelihood of DVT
-accumulation of clotting factors and platelets lead to thrombus formation in the vein, often near a venous valve
-inflammation around the thrombus promotes further platelet aggregation and the thrombus propagates or grows proximally
-most thombi will eventually dissovle without treatment
-untreated DVT is associated with a high risk of embolization of a part of the clot to the lung (pulmonary embolism)
-persistent venous obsruction may lead to chronic venoud insuffiency and post-thrombotic syndrome with associated pain, edema, and ulceration of the affected limb
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