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Humanities Renaissance Test (WS's, Quizzes, Lists)

Terms in this set (66)

List what the ancient world viewed as the four basic elements
earth, water, air, fire
Why were the sun and moon considered 'planets"
All of them "wandered" around the field of the fixed stars; Greek word for planet means "to wander"
What was the starting point for Aristotelean physics? How did Copernicus' theory threaten it?
Things tend to move to their natural position and stay there; discarded all they knew at the time about physics
Geoheliocentricism
Sun and moon went around the earth but that other planets circled the sun-Tychonic system
Through what new paradigm did Kepler interpret Brahe's data
ellipses- planets speed varies in their orbits
What two things about Galileo's Dialogues seemed particularly to incense the people?
1. advocated heliocentrism
2. put words of pope into the mouth of the village idiot
List Descartes 3 steps in building a foundation of truth that cannot be doubted.
1. I think therefore I am.
2. I am therefore God exists.
3. God exists therefore clear and distinct ideas must be true.
___________________philosophy posits that everything that happens in the physical world is caused by the physical interactions of particles of matter as they collide, push, or stick to other particles of matter.
Mechanical
Renaissance thinkers believed that _____ connections in the fabric of the world could cause "actions at a distance" without any mechanical/physical interaction.
Hidden
The four challenges to the pillars of medieval thought.
1. The Italian Renaissance
2. The Protestant reformation
3. The European discovery of the Americas
4. The rediscovery of an ancient form of skepticism
Why did renaissance historians label the previous era the "middle ages"?
It was the empty period between two eras of civilization and ancient
Describe Marsiglio Ficio's understanding of "love"
when you love something you exchange souls with it, it is thus important to love the right things
Describe Giovanni Pico della Mirandola's description of man's place in the hierarchy of being
Man has no fixed place in the hierarchy of being at all but that by his choices he can determine his own place. "man is the measure of all things"
Instead of producing "summae" Renaissance thinkers produced works called ____ ("whatever")
quodlibet
What two major problems did the discovery of the New World create for the Christian faith?
1. Truthfulness of biblical history
2. Jesus only means of salvation-missionary religion
What is NOMA?
non-overlapping magisteria; science and religion address two unconnected spheres of the human experience, the physical and the metaphysical
By the fifth century B.C. the Greeks acknowledged a "cosmic principle of order" they called:
logos
Which of the following thinkers believed "...the material world was but a shadowy projection created by the real world of forms."
Plato
According to the article, why did Plato and Aristotle both shun experimentation/
it was associated with physical work-the duty of servants and slaves
ATTA: what kind of dualism hampered the development of natural philosophy (science)/
The belief that there were two sets of laws governing the universe: one for the heavens and another for the earth
ATTA: what is the supreme statement of nature's value?
god assumed corporeality to come to earth to redeem and restore it
Thomas Aquinas was pivotal in changing the prevailing sentiment of the Middle Ages that:
Nature was inherently corrupt
Which 16th century thinker first combined "observation and hypothesis with experimentation and validation" to create a new type of investigation-a primitive "scientific method?"
Francis Bacon
ATTA: why did true science not emerge from ancient Egypt, China, or India?
Their worldview led them to see the workings of nature as beyond human grasp
ATTA: why did science not emerge from the Muslim culture?
They had come to see Allah as a capricious puppeteer beyond reason and logic
Instrumental in the breakup of small feudal estates and the creation of nation-states
Cannon
Encouraged the idea that reality might be "quantifiable" (broken down, measured, and analyzed)
Mechanical clock
Stimulated the study of mathematics, especially alegbra
Cannon
First used in monasteries before becoming an integral part of medieval commerce and production
Mechanical Clock
A protoype of many later machines, such as the piston pump and the steam and internal combustion engines
Cannon
The Black Death actually spurred the use of this machine
Printing Press
Incited the Reformation in Germany and Switzerland
Printing Press
One of the earliest inventions of this type, created fascination with machines
Mechanical Clock
Wrote "The Prince"
Nicolo Machiavelli
"I think, therefore I am"
Rene Descartes
Pioneer of nominalism
William of Ockham
Wrote "Discourse on Method"
Rene Descartes
Clerk and ambassador from Florence; accused of treason and tortured before being released to his villa
Nicolo Machiavelli
"Multiplicity ought not to be posited without necessity"- the simplest answer is most often correct
William of Ockham
The mind is "the ghost in the machine"
Rene Descartes
The ends justify the means
Nicolo Machiavelli
"Father of Modern Philosophy"
Rene Descartes
Believed contra Plato and Aristotle that universals were merely names, not an ultimate reality
William of Ockham
Physicist and mathematician, discovered both analytic geometry and the science of optics
Rene Descartes
Used the actions of Cesare Borgia as examples of his philosophy
Nicolo Machiavelli
Franciscan monk, pioneer of nominalism
William of Ockham
Ockham's Razor
"Multiplicity ought not to be posited without necessity."
clerk and ambassador from Florence; led militia
Machiavelli
deposed in 1512 and tortured; released and retired to his estate
Machiavelli
"Politics have no relation to morals"
Machiavelli
believed the ends justify the means
Machiavelli
father of modern philosophy
Descartes
sought a solid basis for knowledge
Descartes
believed in subjectivism (my reality is what I think it to be)
Descartes
began the Reformation by posting the 95 Thesis
Luther
Zurich minister who sought a "simple gospel"
Zwingli
rewrote communion liturgy and rejected distinctions between clergy and laity
Zwingli
author of Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin
Luther's doctrinal emphasis
justified by faith alone, authority of scripture over tradition, priesthood of all believers
authority of early modern era
God (as revealed in nature)
reality of early modern era
orderly and open to our observation and analysis
humanity of early modern era
humans are the crown of creation
morality of early modern era
determined through ethical reflection on the consequences of any action
purpose (of life) of early modern era
to understand the laws of nature to God's glory land to our advantages
3 presuppositions of modern science
the universe is orderly, our observations are true, through intelligence and imagination we can deduce how things work
characteristics of the Renaissance
celebration of the individual, love of classical learning, enjoyment of this world
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