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Midterm Study Guide

Terms in this set (114)

A unique feature of human language that refers to the process by which we can state anything in an infinite number of ways, as well as blending, is known as
productivity
Linguistic Anthropology studies
human language within a cultural context
A hug is an example of
analog communication
Non-human primates are incapable of symbolic gestures.
False
Anthropology uses a four-field approach to the study of human language. What are the four primary sub-fields of anthropology?
Archaeology, Physical Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology and Linguistic Anthroplogy
A unique feature of human language that refers to the process by which we can rearrange existing letters, syllables, words, and phrases to create complete different or new meanings is referred to as
dual patterning
When language is directed towards the third person or events as in newscasts or reports it is termed...
referential
A peace sign is an example of
a quotable gesture
When language is directed towards the addressee directly, as in "Hey you..." it is termed
conative
The hominid fossil found in Africa, Asia and Europe, with more advanced tools, possible use of fire, a cranial capacity of up to 1100 ml, and a slightly lower more flexed basicranium is called...
Homo erectus
The hominid fossil found in Europe, associated with the first intentional burials, use of body paint, a cranial capacity of up to 1450 ml, expansion in the occipital area, and a relatively high basicranium is called...
Homo sapiens neandertalis.
The hominid fossil found throughout the world, associated with the first art works, a cranial capacity of up to 1350 ml, expansion in the frontal lobe, and a low curved basicranium is called...
Homo sapiens sapiens
Vervet Monkeys have indexical calls that are specific to each predator.
True
A unique feature of human language that refers to the fact that the symbols for things most often do not resemble the things themselves, is known as
arbitrariness
When language is directed towards the speaker themselves and describes their feelings, it is termed
expressive
When language is used to test a connection, either physical or emotional it is termed...
phatic
Words are an example of
digital communication
Human language is greatly influenced by the social environment.
True
Laughter is an example of
analog communication
The early hominid fossil found in association with the first stone (Oldowan) tools, a cranial capacity of 680 ml, clear lateralization of the brain, and hands like yours is termed
Homo habilis
Language oriented towards language itself, such as "what did you say?"
metalinguistic
Language oriented toward the sound and form of he message, such as rhyme or alliteration
poetic
Language is formed around "discrete" or digital units, such as individual letters, sounds, syllables, or words.
discreteness
Language allows us to imagine our future, state our intentions, remember the past, describe events that are not visible.
displacement
According to Saussure, the sign is made up of
the signifier (the representation of the thing) and the signified (the thing it represents).
The study of sound systems is known as
phonology
Descriptive Linguistics can be described as
the type of grammar that illuminates how people ACTUALLY use language and both the implicit and explicit rules that govern actual communicative interactions.
The place of articulation for phoneme "uh-oh" is
a glottal.
The place of articulation for consonants "th" is
an interdental.
Saussure looked at the rules that govern language as a slot system that illustrates both paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships. The syntagmatic relationship can be characterized by...
how the choice of a word in one slot will impact the choice of a word in a different slot.
Ferdinand Saussure likened language to
a chess game.
The study of words and sentences is known as
morphology
Bilabial
created by putting your lips together, "'p" "m" "b"
The most common alphabet used to represent sounds in a given human language is
IPA or the International Phonetic Alphabet
The Piraha language uses the following channels:
whistling, humming, yelling and speaking.
A morpheme that attaches to a foundational morpheme is known as
an affix.
Labiodental
lower lip against the front teeth, "for" "v"
Historical linguistics can be characterized as
diachronic, or through time, and focusing on the evolution of languages.
All human languages essentially use the same range of consonants and vowels.
False
Saussure looked the rules that govern language as a slot system that illustrates both paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships. The paradigmatic relationship can be characterized by...
the interchangeability of particular words in the same slot in a sentence.
A morpheme that has variant forms that mean the same thing is known as
an allomorph.
Saussure's interest in linguistics can be characterized as
synchronic, or with time, and focusing on the interactive present.
In the following example:
omukazi: woman abakazi: women
omusawo: doctor abasawo: doctors
omusika: heir abasika: heirs
the morpheme "aba" means
many.
The Xhosa language uses three types of clicks known as
dental, aveolar, and lateral.
Velar
back of tongue meets the soft part of the roof of the mouth; "ng" in sing, hard "g" sound
Palatal
middle part of tongue hits the hard palatal; "y" in yellow
Retroflex
tip of tongue moves up and back; "r" in bread or roof
Alveopalatal
produced at front of the hard palate; "sh" or "ch" in ship or chip
Interdental
tongue between the back of the teeth; "th" in think or there
Apicoalveolar
tip of the tongue (apico) at the ridge at back of the teeth; "t" in talk or "d" in dog
Free morpheme
can stand alone; "farm"
Bound morpheme
a morpheme that appears only as part of a larger word; "er" or "ing"
Bases
morphemes are the base of the word
Roots
foundational morphemes that can't get any smaller; "farm"
Stems
foundational morphemes with an attached affix; "farmer"
Recursion
the insertion of a clarifying clause into a sentence; recursion is ABSENT in Piraha
Isolating languages
words in language consist of one morpheme; Mandarin Chinese
Agglutinating languages
simple rules for adding multiple morphemes within words; Swahili
Synthetic languages
words have many morphemes with complex rules for adding morphemes; Mohawk
Apache Place Names
paint a picture of the place and related teaching stories.
One example of recent linguistic research looks at the onset of literacy and the practice of love letter writing in Nepalese women.
True
Linguistic Anthropologists are required to use the following protections when working with human participants...
IRB approval.
Consent and/or Risk-benefit forms.
participant control of content provided to researcher.
All of the above.
All of the above
Cultural Evolutionists borrowed their ideas for cultural evolution from
Darwin's concept of biological evolution.
Linguistic Anthropology today often uses some of the following research tools
participant observation, matched guise tests, and conversational analysis.
Franz Boas was concerned with preservation of
Native American cultures.
In the case of Hawaiian kinship, all your cousins in the English or "Eskimo" kinship are now your
brothers and sisters.
Weaknesses in cultural evolutionist perspectives include
arm chair data collection and ethnocentrism.
Franz Boas contributed the following to American Anthropological study:
an emphasis on fieldwork and cultural relativism.
Most of the languages that Boas and his students attempted to record and preserve were
oral Native American languages.
Boas believed the pathway to culture was
language.
Mexican Dichos can be described as
proverbs that illuminate cultural values including humility and family.
Ethnocentricity
emphasizing one culture over another
Cultural relativism
the principle that an individual person's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture.
Boas saw language as an essential fieldwork tool (stepping stone) tied to
culture.
Edward Sapir was a student of
Franz Boas.
Common areas for the study of language and thought are
semantic domains and grammatical categories.
Benjamin Lee Whorf worked as
a fire prevention engineer.
Cultural Evolutionists borrowed their ideas for cultural evolution from
Darwin's concept of biological evolution.
A more accurate version of the Sapir Whorf Hypothesis believes
your language is like a familiar landscape.
Zuni language speakers, in which one color term covers the spectrum of yellow to orange
have a difficult time picking out specific gold and orange shades from an array of colors.
The Russian Language has a stronger codability and accessibility relationship with the gray-blue spectrum than the English language.
True
Benjamin Whorf was initially interested in
Ancient Mesoamerican hieroglyphs and spiritual texts.
Theory of Mind can be described as
the ability to accurately predict another persons behavior based on contextual factors.
Radical Whorf can be characterized as the belief that
language determines thought.
The Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis suggests
language and culture shape thought.
Hopi verbs seem to indicate the following
an absence of an emphasis on time as an outside object but more of an ongoing flow, and an emphasis on markers related to validity.
Grammar can be helpful when looking at culturally specific cognition because it is
habitual, obligatory and unconscious.
The language with a more nuanced and complex terminology for spatial relationships described in unit 4 is
Korean
The basis for Whorf's perspective in the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis came from
his work with Hopi verbs and verb markers.
Susan Schaller worked with
a 27 year old deaf Mayan man who had no language.
Methods that have been used to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis include
the relationship between codability and accessibility in color studies.
According to the speaker, the Vietnamese language lacks
the subjunctive.
Deaf children who were taught to read lips instead of use ASL
showed few delays in overall cognition and sociability but had significant delays in both language capacity and "Theory of Mind."
According the speaker's "Star Wars" analogy, the Vietnamese language is characterized by
Yoda's narrative, "Do or do not, there is no try."
The concept of Universal Grammar refers to
the view of Chomsky and others that there is mental apparatus in all human minds that gives rise to universal language patterns.
Linguistic practices within the Black Church are clearly linked to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960's.
True
Austin defines illocution as
the process of doing something instantaneously by saying something.
An example of a type of illocution in which a person decides whether someone is guilty or not guilty would be
a verdictive.
Verbal Artistry
employs special codes, possibly archaic or esoteric, as well as specific stylistic devices.
Performativity in Linguistic Anthropology can be defined as
utterances that DO something.
An example of a type of illocution in which a person apologizes would be
a behabitive.
Verbal Artistry in Linguistic Anthropology can be defined as
performances displaying specialized verbal skills.
Hymes considered linguistic competence to be defined by
knowledge and performance.
An example of a type of illocution in which a person performs a marriage ceremony would be
an exercitive.
JL Austin described constatives as
words that state something.
African-American Sermons employ the following stylistic devices
frequent rhythmic and textual markers, as well as call and response.
Hymes felt that the unit of linguistic research should be
the social unit.
JL Austin described performatives as
words that do something.
Dell Hymes created a framework for analyzing the context for speech acts known as
"SPEAKING" or setting, participants, ends...
An example of a type of illocution in which a person makes a promise would be
a commissive.
Locution
stating of something
Expositives
argument or concession
Performance
putting linguistic knowledge into use
Performativity
words that transform something
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