APES Chapter 17

Terms in this set (51)

Any impaired function oftue body with a characteristic set of symptoms

Leading causes of death in the world

3/4 of the worlds deaths are caused by disease. 94 percent are cause by 6 diseases

Infectious diseases

Caused by infectious agents, known as pathogens

Chronic diseases

Slowly impair the functioning of a persons body

Rapidly impair the functioning of a persons body.

Leading health risks in the world

If we consider all deaths that occur and separate them, the leading health risks for low income include issues related to low nutrition and sanitation while high income is from tobacco use and obesity

Transition of risk

As a nation becomes more developed the risk of inadequate nutrition and sanitation decline while the risk of tobacco obesity and poor air quality rise

When a pathogen causes a rapid increase in disease

When an epidemic occurs over a large geographic region like an entire continent

Pathways of transmitting pathogens

Pathogens have evolved a wide warier you of ways to infect humans

Caused by an infection from a bacterium that is carried by fleas

Caused by an infection from one of several species of protests in the genus plasmodium

Highly contagious disease caused by bacterium that primarily infects the lungs

Emergent infectious diseases

Infectious diseases that were previously not described or have not been common for at least the last prior 20 years

An infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus

A virus that causes AIDS

The source of HIV

In 2006, researchers found that chimpanzees carried a virus that was genetically similar to HIV

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

A disease caused by the Ebola virus. Highly lethal to humans with no drug or treatment

Mad cow disease

Pathogen slowly damages a cows nervous system by prions mutating into deadly proteins

Small beneficial proteins in brains of cattle

Spanish flu was an avian influenza, caused by the H1N1 virus

West Nile virus

Lives in hundreds of species of birds and is transmitted among birds by mosquitoes

Chemicals that disrupt the nervous system of animals

Chemicals that cause cancer

Carcinogens that cause damage to the genetic material of a cell

Chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos or fetuses

The effects of thalidomide

Thalidomide was widely prescribed to pregnant women in the late 1950's to alleviate the symptoms of morning sickness but it had the unanticipated effect of causing birth defects in tens of thousands of newborn children

Chemicals that cause allergic reactions

Endocrine disrupters

Helical that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones in an animals body

Dose response studies

Expose animals or plants two different amounts of chemical and then observe a variety of possible responses including mortality or changes in behavior or reproduction

An experiment that exposes organisms to environmental hazard for short duration

And abbreviation for lethal dose that kills 50% of the individuals

Sublethal effects

The sex of an environmental hazard that are not lethal, but have me impaired and organisms behavior, physiology , or reproduction

Abbreviated for effective dose that causes 50% of the individuals to display the harmful, but nonlethal, effect

Chronic studies

An experiment that exposes organisms to the environmental hazard for a long duration

The field of science that strives to understand the cause of illness and disease in humans and wildlife populations

Retrospective studies

Monitor people who have been exposed to chemicals some time in the past

Prospective studies

Monitor people who might become exposed to harmful chemicals in the future

Synergistic interactions

Risks that cause more harm together then expected based on separate individual risks

Routes of exposure

The way in which an individual might come into contact with the chemical

How well a chemical dissolved in a liquid

Biomagnification

But increasing chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain

And insect to say that has been widely used to kill insect pests in agriculture in to kill mosquitoes that carry malaria and other diseases

How long the chemical remains in the environment

Environmental hazard

Anything in our environment that can potentially cause harm

Probabilities of death in the US

Some factors that people perceived as having high risk of death, such as dying in a plane crash, actually are quite low. In contrast, send factors that people rate as low risk like heart disease, actually pose the greatest risk

Innocent until proven guilty

Principle that is based on the philosophy that a potential hazard could not be considered a hazard until the scientific data can demonstrate that a potential hazard actually causes harm

Precautionary principle

Based on the philosophy that when a hazard is possible but not yet certain, we should take actions to reduce or remove the hazard

Stockholm convention

Produced a list of 12 chemicals to be banned, phased out, or reduced

Risks of asbestos dust

Recently workers have been required to go to great links to prevent exposure. Today they dress and chemical suits and respirators when removing asbestos from the building

An acronym for registration, evaluation, authorizations, and restriction of chemicals, the agreement embraces the precautionary principle by putting more responsibility on chemical manufacturers to confirm the chemicals used in the environment pose no risk to people or the environment.

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