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1. Europe's relative location is ____:
A) inefficient for international trade
B) one of inferior global accessibility
C) disadvantaged by its proximity to the sea
D) one of centrality within the land hemisphere
E) disadvantaged by its closeness to Africa
A) inefficient for international trade
B) one of inferior global accessibility
C) disadvantaged by its proximity to the sea
D) one of centrality within the land hemisphere
E) disadvantaged by its closeness to Africa
D) one of centrality within the land hemisphere
2. The North European Lowland:
A) contains the mountain ranges of the Alps
B) is the most densely populated of Europe's landscape regions
C) does not include England
D) has historically functioned as a barrier to contact and communication E) contains the plains of Greece
A) contains the mountain ranges of the Alps
B) is the most densely populated of Europe's landscape regions
C) does not include England
D) has historically functioned as a barrier to contact and communication E) contains the plains of Greece
B) is the most densely populated of Europe's landscape regions
3. Regions that produce surpluses of goods needed elsewhere exhibit ______:
A) complementarity
B) Balkanization
C) supranationalism
D) irredentism
E) local functional specialization
A) complementarity
B) Balkanization
C) supranationalism
D) irredentism
E) local functional specialization
A) complementarity
4. Which of the following is CORRECT regarding immigration trends in Europe?
A) There are no immigrants in Europe.
B) Immigrants in Europe come mostly from other countries in Europe.
C) Immigration in Europe is offsetting population decline.
D) Immigrants are well integrated into European societies.
E) Most immigrants arriving in Europe are Christian.
A) There are no immigrants in Europe.
B) Immigrants in Europe come mostly from other countries in Europe.
C) Immigration in Europe is offsetting population decline.
D) Immigrants are well integrated into European societies.
E) Most immigrants arriving in Europe are Christian.
C) Immigration in Europe is offsetting population decline.
5. The Industrial Revolution in Europe:
A) produced the first specialized industries anywhere in the realm
B) triggered a large immigration of workers from other parts of the world to fill the available jobs in the factories
C) initially was focused in Britain, where machinery was invented and the use of steam to power engines emerged
D) gave enormous situational advantage to large cities such as London and Paris, both positioned on coal fields and near iron ores
E) confirmed the superior quality of European products, which were already beating inferior textiles and other wares from India and China before the Industrial Revolution even began
A) produced the first specialized industries anywhere in the realm
B) triggered a large immigration of workers from other parts of the world to fill the available jobs in the factories
C) initially was focused in Britain, where machinery was invented and the use of steam to power engines emerged
D) gave enormous situational advantage to large cities such as London and Paris, both positioned on coal fields and near iron ores
E) confirmed the superior quality of European products, which were already beating inferior textiles and other wares from India and China before the Industrial Revolution even began
C) initially was focused in Britain, where machinery was invented and the use of steam to power engines emerged
6. Europe's political revolution:
A) involved progress toward parliamentary representation and democracy
B) ended with the division of the German state in 1945
C) was stimulated by the new weaponry produced by the Industrial Revolution
D) originated as a reaction to the oppression of the Roman Empire
E) was an anticolonial rebellion that threw off Moorish and Ottoman yokes
A) involved progress toward parliamentary representation and democracy
B) ended with the division of the German state in 1945
C) was stimulated by the new weaponry produced by the Industrial Revolution
D) originated as a reaction to the oppression of the Roman Empire
E) was an anticolonial rebellion that threw off Moorish and Ottoman yokes
A) involved progress toward parliamentary representation and democracy
7. Which of the following was once a clear example of a European nation-state?
A) Yugoslavia
B) Northern Ireland
C) France
D) Belgium
E) Ukraine
A) Yugoslavia
B) Northern Ireland
C) France
D) Belgium
E) Ukraine
C) France
8. __________ forces divide a nation.
A) situational
B) centripetal
C) centrifugal
D) charismatic
E) infrastructural
A) situational
B) centripetal
C) centrifugal
D) charismatic
E) infrastructural
C) centrifugal
9. Europe's unofficial lingua franca (common language) is:
A) French
B) English
C) German
D) Spanish
E) Euro
A) French
B) English
C) German
D) Spanish
E) Euro
B) English
10. The three principles of spatial interaction are:
A) complementarity, intervening opportunity, devolution
B) complementarity, intervening opportunity, irredentism
C) complementarity, intervening opportunity, transferability
D) centripetal forces, intervening opportunity, devolution
E) centrifugal forces, balkanization, devolution
A) complementarity, intervening opportunity, devolution
B) complementarity, intervening opportunity, irredentism
C) complementarity, intervening opportunity, transferability
D) centripetal forces, intervening opportunity, devolution
E) centrifugal forces, balkanization, devolution
C) complementarity, intervening opportunity, transferability
11. Which country wishes to become part of the European Union and but has been unsuccessful despite long-term negotiating?
A) Ukraine
B) Russia
C) Turkey
D) Kosovo
E) Switzerland
A) Ukraine
B) Russia
C) Turkey
D) Kosovo
E) Switzerland
C) Turkey
12. Which of the following is not an example of European supranationalism?
A) Benelux
B) the Euro currency
C) the European Union
D) the European Parliament
E) the United Kingdom's position toward the European Monetary Union
A) Benelux
B) the Euro currency
C) the European Union
D) the European Parliament
E) the United Kingdom's position toward the European Monetary Union
E) the United Kingdom's position toward the European Monetary Union
13. Which of the following countries was part of the group that initiated the European Union?
A) Norway
B) Poland
C) Spain
D) The Netherlands
E) United Kingdom
A) Norway
B) Poland
C) Spain
D) The Netherlands
E) United Kingdom
D) The Netherlands
14. The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy is known as:
A) devolution
B) irredentism
C) complementarity
D) supranationalism
E) transferability
A) devolution
B) irredentism
C) complementarity
D) supranationalism
E) transferability
A) devolution
15. Which of the following cities is not part of one of the Four Motors of Europe?
A) Brussels
B) Milan
C) Stuttgart
D) Barcelona
E) Lyon
A) Brussels
B) Milan
C) Stuttgart
D) Barcelona
E) Lyon
A) Brussels
16. Which of the following groups have formed a rapidly growing minority presence in many European countries?
A) Muslims
B) Chinese
C) Hispanics
D) Russians
E) Evangelical Christians
A) Muslims
B) Chinese
C) Hispanics
D) Russians
E) Evangelical Christians
A) Muslims
17. _______ dominates the Mainland Core demographically and economically.
A) France
B) Italy
C) the United Kingdom
D) Germany
E) the United States
A) France
B) Italy
C) the United Kingdom
D) Germany
E) the United States
D) Germany
18. Germany's Ruhr industrial complex is linked via the Rhine River to the port of:
A) London
B) Genoa
C) St. Petersburg
D) Rotterdam
E) Rhinestad
A) London
B) Genoa
C) St. Petersburg
D) Rotterdam
E) Rhinestad
D) Rotterdam
19. Which country in the Discontinuous South was a charter member of the European Union?
A) Spain
B) Italy
C) Greece
D) Portugal
E) Slovenia
A) Spain
B) Italy
C) Greece
D) Portugal
E) Slovenia
B) Italy
20. The major river in western Germany, which enters the North Sea through the Netherlands and which passes through the Ruhr is the ______:
A) Rhône
B) Danube
C) Elbe
D) Rhine
E) Seine
A) Rhône
B) Danube
C) Elbe
D) Rhine
E) Seine
C) Elbe
21. German reunification __________________:
A) occurred in 1990
B) has resulted in economic equalization between former East and West Germany
C) has led to a country with 8 Autonomous Communities
D) took place immediately after the end of World War II
E) is still only partially completed
A) occurred in 1990
B) has resulted in economic equalization between former East and West Germany
C) has led to a country with 8 Autonomous Communities
D) took place immediately after the end of World War II
E) is still only partially completed
A) occurred in 1990
22. The only European country with coastlines on the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and the North Sea is:
A) The Netherlands
B) Germany
C) Belgium
D) France
E) Austria
A) The Netherlands
B) Germany
C) Belgium
D) France
E) Austria
D) France
23. The Benelux consists of these countries.
A. The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg
B. Germany, France, Italy
C. The Netherlands, Germany, Belgium
D. The Netherlands, Belgium France
E. Luxembourg, Germany, France
A. The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg
B. Germany, France, Italy
C. The Netherlands, Germany, Belgium
D. The Netherlands, Belgium France
E. Luxembourg, Germany, France
A. The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg
24. Which of the following statements is true?
A) Paris initially benefited from an excellent site.
B) Paris initially benefited from an excellent situation.
C) The site of Paris is far inferior to that of any other French city.
D) Situation refers to the local physical attributes of a place.
E) Both A and B are true
A) Paris initially benefited from an excellent site.
B) Paris initially benefited from an excellent situation.
C) The site of Paris is far inferior to that of any other French city.
D) Situation refers to the local physical attributes of a place.
E) Both A and B are true
E) Both A and B are true
25. The administrative headquarters of the European Union is located in:
A) Geneva
B) Paris
C) Brussels
D) Strasbourg
E) Berlin
A) Geneva
B) Paris
C) Brussels
D) Strasbourg
E) Berlin
C) Brussels
26. Which of the following cities is located in the Randstad conurbation?
A) Berlin
B) Amsterdam
C) Copenhagen
D) Vienna
E) Brussels
A) Berlin
B) Amsterdam
C) Copenhagen
D) Vienna
E) Brussels
B) Amsterdam
27. Identify the country in Europe's Mainland Core that is not a member of the European Union.
A) Austria
B) Luxembourg
C) the Netherlands
D) Switzerland
E) Belgium
A) Austria
B) Luxembourg
C) the Netherlands
D) Switzerland
E) Belgium
D) Switzerland
28. Significant oil and natural gas supplies have been found beneath the:
A) Baltic Sea
B) Irish Sea
C) North Sea
D) River Thames
E) English Channel
A) Baltic Sea
B) Irish Sea
C) North Sea
D) River Thames
E) English Channel
C) North Sea
29. The United Kingdom consists of:
A) The British Isles
B) England and Wales
C) England and Ireland
D) Wales, England, Scotland, and Northern Irland
E) Northern Ireland and England
A) The British Isles
B) England and Wales
C) England and Ireland
D) Wales, England, Scotland, and Northern Irland
E) Northern Ireland and England
...
30. The population of Northern Ireland:
A) is overwhelmingly Catholic
B) is made up of refugees from Wales
C) is mostly Protestant
D) is not part of the United Kingdom
E) produced the Celtic Tiger phenomenon
A) is overwhelmingly Catholic
B) is made up of refugees from Wales
C) is mostly Protestant
D) is not part of the United Kingdom
E) produced the Celtic Tiger phenomenon
C) is mostly Protestant
***31. The Discontinuous North
A) is comprised of the Scandinavian countries, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden
B) has a largely inhospitable higher-latitude climate
C) is entirely separated by water from the rest of Europe
D) is the least developed region of Europe, due to its peripheral location
E) has always been able to exploit abundant natural resources
A) is comprised of the Scandinavian countries, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden
B) has a largely inhospitable higher-latitude climate
C) is entirely separated by water from the rest of Europe
D) is the least developed region of Europe, due to its peripheral location
E) has always been able to exploit abundant natural resources
...
32. Which of the countries in the Discontinuous North has benefited the most from North Sea oil?
A) Denmark
B) Norway
C) Iceland
D) Finland
E) Sweden
A) Denmark
B) Norway
C) Iceland
D) Finland
E) Sweden
B) Norway
33. The country located on the Jutland Peninsula and the smallest state (in area) in the Discontinuous North is:
A) Sweden
B) Norway
C) Estonia
D) Iceland
E) Denmark
A) Sweden
B) Norway
C) Estonia
D) Iceland
E) Denmark
E) Denmark
34. Which city in the Discontinuous North serves as a break of bulk, or entrepôt, city?
A) Stockholm
B) Copenhagen
C) Oslo
D) Reykjavik
E) Helsinki
A) Stockholm
B) Copenhagen
C) Oslo
D) Reykjavik
E) Helsinki
B) Copenhagen
35. ___________ has more in common, ethnically and linguistically, with Finland than its other neighboring states, and is therefore included as part of The Discontinuous North .
A) Estonia
B) Latvia
C) Lithuania
D) Kaliningrad
E) Sweden
A) Estonia
B) Latvia
C) Lithuania
D) Kaliningrad
E) Sweden
A) Estonia
36. The Iberian Peninsula is isolated from the rest of Europe by which mountain range?
A) Appennines
B) Alps
C) Pyrenees
D) Pennines
E) Carpathians
A) Appennines
B) Alps
C) Pyrenees
D) Pennines
E) Carpathians
C) Pyrenees
37. Which country in the Discontinuous South confronts a significant devolutionary movement among its Basque population?
A) Portugal
B) Spain
C) Cyprus
D) Italy
E) Greece
A) Portugal
B) Spain
C) Cyprus
D) Italy
E) Greece
B) Spain
38. Italy's economic core, no longer focused on Rome, is located today in:
A) Sicily
B) the Po River Valley
C) the Naples-Venice conurbation
D) the border zone centered on the Ancona Line
E) the Mezzogiorno
A) Sicily
B) the Po River Valley
C) the Naples-Venice conurbation
D) the border zone centered on the Ancona Line
E) the Mezzogiorno
B) the Po River Valley
39. Which of the following cities is located in Italy's and Europe's core area?
A) Milan
B) Rome
C) Barcelona
D) Naples
E) Geneva
A) Milan
B) Rome
C) Barcelona
D) Naples
E) Geneva
A) Milan
40. Northern and Southern Italy are divided by the:
A) Alps
B) Appennines
C) Po River
D) Ancona Line
E) Strait of Gibraltar
A) Alps
B) Appennines
C) Po River
D) Ancona Line
E) Strait of Gibraltar
D) Ancona Line
41. The land body located directly across the Strait of Gibraltar from southernmost Spain is:
A) the Iberian Peninsula
B) Northern Africa
C) Italy's 'boot'
D) the Balkan Peninsula
E) Scandinavia
A) the Iberian Peninsula
B) Northern Africa
C) Italy's 'boot'
D) the Balkan Peninsula
E) Scandinavia
B) Northern Africa
42. The Autonomous Community located in northeastern Spain just south of the Pyrenees Mountains that is centered on industrialized Barcelona is known as:
A) Portugal
B) Andalusia
C) Catalonia
D) Gibraltar
E) Basque Country
A) Portugal
B) Andalusia
C) Catalonia
D) Gibraltar
E) Basque Country
C) Catalonia
43. Spain and the United Kingdom are in dispute over which piece of territory:
A) Cyprus
B) Kosovo
C) Macedonia
D) Malta
E) Gibraltar
A) Cyprus
B) Kosovo
C) Macedonia
D) Malta
E) Gibraltar
E) Gibraltar
44. The capital and primate city of Greece is:
A) Sparta
B) Malta
C) Athens
D) Cyprus
E) Cyclades
A) Sparta
B) Malta
C) Athens
D) Cyprus
E) Cyclades
C) Athens
45. The divided eastern Mediterranean island contested by both Greece and Turkey is:
A) Cyprus
B) Crete
C) Malta
D) Sicily
E) Gibraltar
A) Cyprus
B) Crete
C) Malta
D) Sicily
E) Gibraltar
A) Cyprus
46. The international community recognizes which government on Cyprus?
A) Greek Cypriot
B) Turkish Cypriot
C) Islamic
D) Maltese
E) Ottoman
A) Greek Cypriot
B) Turkish Cypriot
C) Islamic
D) Maltese
E) Ottoman
A) Greek Cypriot
47. A sub region of the Discontinuous South is a zone of politico-geographical splintering and fracturing known as:
A) an irredentist region
B) a periphery
C) a shatter belt
D) Balkanization
E)a transition zone
A) an irredentist region
B) a periphery
C) a shatter belt
D) Balkanization
E)a transition zone
C) a shatter belt
48. The term Balkanization refers to:
A) a hybrid language spoken in Bulgaria and Romania
B) the landmass located just to the west of the Adriatic Sea
C) Serbian supranationalism
D) the division and fragmentation of a sub region of the Discontinuous South of Europe
E) the imposition of the Slavic religion
A) a hybrid language spoken in Bulgaria and Romania
B) the landmass located just to the west of the Adriatic Sea
C) Serbian supranationalism
D) the division and fragmentation of a sub region of the Discontinuous South of Europe
E) the imposition of the Slavic religion
D) the division and fragmentation of a sub region of the Discontinuous South of Europe
49. The Danube River empties into the:
A) Adriatic Sea
B) Mediterranean Sea
C) Aegean Sea
D) Black Sea
E) North Sea
A) Adriatic Sea
B) Mediterranean Sea
C) Aegean Sea
D) Black Sea
E) North Sea
D) Black Sea
50. Which of the following countries in the Eastern Periphery does not form part of the European Union?
A) Bulgaria
B) Hungary
C) Ukraine
D) Slovakia
E) Romania
A) Bulgaria
B) Hungary
C) Ukraine
D) Slovakia
E) Romania
C) Ukraine
51. The industrial heartland of Poland is located in:
A) the Bohemian Basin
B) the Warsaw area
C) the Vistula Valley
D) Silesia
E) the Baltic coastal zone
A) the Bohemian Basin
B) the Warsaw area
C) the Vistula Valley
D) Silesia
E) the Baltic coastal zone
D) Silesia
52. The Russian exclave located between Lithuania and Poland is called:
A) Kaliningrad
B) Belarus
C) Latvia
D) Estonia
E) the Baltic Corridor
A) Kaliningrad
B) Belarus
C) Latvia
D) Estonia
E) the Baltic Corridor
A) Kaliningrad
53. Which former Soviet Socialist Republic, with its capital at Mensk (Minsk), also called White Russia, is still strongly linked to Moscow?
A) Belarus
B) Lithuania
C) Moldova
D) Estonia
E) Ukraine
A) Belarus
B) Lithuania
C) Moldova
D) Estonia
E) Ukraine
A) Belarus
54. Slovakia contains a large _______ minority.
A) Czech
B) Hungarian
C) Serbian
D) Slovenian
E) Russian
A) Czech
B) Hungarian
C) Serbian
D) Slovenian
E) Russian
B) Hungarian
55. When a state seeks to acquire the neighboring territory that is home to ethnically similar people and territory on the other side of its international border by appealing to a concentrated group, this action is termed:
A) colonization
B) devolution
C) interference
D) irredentism
E) Balkanization
A) colonization
B) devolution
C) interference
D) irredentism
E) Balkanization
D) irredentism
56. The largest ethnic minority in Ukraine are the:
A) Bulgarians
B) Moldovans
C) Crimeans
D) Russians
E) Polish
A) Bulgarians
B) Moldovans
C) Crimeans
D) Russians
E) Polish
D) Russians
57. Bulgarians during the Soviet period were loyal to Moscow because:
A) the Russians are a fellow Serbian population
B) the capital Sofia is close to the Russian border
C) the Russians were responsible for driving the Turks from this area
D) the Russians were responsible for freeing Bulgaria from the control of the EU
E) both countries have coastlines on the Baltic Sea
A) the Russians are a fellow Serbian population
B) the capital Sofia is close to the Russian border
C) the Russians were responsible for driving the Turks from this area
D) the Russians were responsible for freeing Bulgaria from the control of the EU
E) both countries have coastlines on the Baltic Sea
C) the Russians were responsible for driving the Turks from this area
58. Which of the following is not a state created by the breakup of former Yugoslavia?
A) Bosnia
B) Macedonia
C) Croatia
D) Slovakia
E) Slovenia
A) Bosnia
B) Macedonia
C) Croatia
D) Slovakia
E) Slovenia
D) Slovakia
59. Which state contains Serb, Croat, and Muslim populations that were finally brought together in 1995 at a U.S.-run peace conference?
A) Bosnia
B) Macedonia
C) Kosovo
D) Montenegro
E) Slovenia
A) Bosnia
B) Macedonia
C) Kosovo
D) Montenegro
E) Slovenia
A) Bosnia
60. An unusual aspect of Albania is:
A) its location on both the Black and Adriatic Seas
B) its majority Eastern Orthodox population
C) its unexpected recent admission to the EU
D) its population growth rate, which is the slowest in all of Europe
E) its dominantly Muslim population
A) its location on both the Black and Adriatic Seas
B) its majority Eastern Orthodox population
C) its unexpected recent admission to the EU
D) its population growth rate, which is the slowest in all of Europe
E) its dominantly Muslim population
E) its dominantly Muslim population
61. Of the four landscape regions in Europe, the Central Uplands has been the realm's leading avenue for internal migrations and external invasions.
F
62. The Treaty of Westphalia is key to modern Europe's state system.
T
63. Most countries in Europe have significant population growth.
F
64. The number of adherants to Christianity is growing in Europe.
F
65. Although it pursued the acquisition of territory and precious metals, mercantilism was not concerned with actively spreading Christianity throughout the New World.
T
66. Britain's Midlands, Germany's Ruhr, and Poland's Silesia all possessed major coal deposits that helped launch Industrial Revolutions.
T
67. Transferability is a spatial interaction concept related to the costs of overcoming the distance between two places.
T
68. The spatial interaction principle of complementarity refers to the ability to move a good at a bearable cost.
F
69. The Law of the Primate City holds that a country's leading city is disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling.
T
70. Modern supranationalism in Europe began with the creation of Benelux in 1944.
T
71. The European Parliament meets in Strasbourg, France.
T
72. Because of internal bickering, the European Union in 2009 contained fewer member-states than it did when founded in 1957.
F
73. Each of the three Benelux countries is a member of the European Union.
T
74. The United Kingdom, a charter member of the European Common Market, quit that organization in disagreement in 1973.
F
75. The leading states of the region we have defined as the Mainland Core are France and Germany.
T
76. The Ruhr is located in the Paris Basin.
F
77. The city of Paris has great advantages of site, but major disadvantages in its situation.
F
78. Although reunified since 1990, former East Germany still lags economically behind former West Germany.
T
79. The Randstad conurbation connects the capital cities of Belgium and the Netherlands.
F
80. To a considerable degree, Belgium and the Netherlands are in a position of economic complementarity.
T
81. Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom. Scotland, and.
T
82. Northern England, well endowed with major industrial areas, is the United Kingdom's most affluent subregion.
T
83. The northeastern corner of Ireland historically was a haven for English and Scottish Protestants and remains under British control.
T
84. The Republic of Ireland (Eire) is situated in the northern portion of that island, and is today once again ruled by the British government.
F
85. Regionally, Iceland is a part of the Discontinuous North.
T
86. Due largely to its peripheral location, the Discontinuous North remains largely underdeveloped.
F
87. The three largest countries in the Discontinuous North all contain their major concentrations of population in the southern part of their national territory.
T
88. Stockholm is Norway's capital city. .
F
89. Denmark, because of its location south of the waterways that lead to the entrance of the Baltic Sea, is not considered part of the region of the Discontinuous North.
F
90. An entrepôt, such as Copenhagen, is a place where goods are collected, stored, and transshipped.
T
91. After its medieval period of prominence, the Po Plain has lost nearly all of its national importance within Italy.
F
92. Although the Po Plain has great agricultural advantages, what marks this lowland today is the greatest development of manufacturing in Mediterranean Europe.
F
93. Greece's vegetation has been seriously reduced by centuries of deforestation.
T
94. There are no members of the European Union in the Eastern Periphery.
F
95. The balkanization of a region implies its political unification.
F
*****96. Bratislava is to Slovakia as Sofia is to Bulgaria.
...
97. Slovenia seceded from Yugoslavia in the early 1990s.
T
98. Albania was part of former Yugoslavia.
F
99. Kosovo is a country fully recognized by all other countries.
F
100. Bulgaria, which did not appear on the map until 1878, joined the EU in 2007.
T
101. The Alps are mostly found in Austria and _______.
Switzerland
102. A country's leading urban center, disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national feelings, is known as its __________city.
primate
103. The northernmost territorial component of the United Kingdom, which is today prone to devolution, is Scottland, whales?__________.
Scottland, whales
104. An international cooperative venture involving the voluntary participation of three or more countries in an economic or political association is known as __________.
supernational
105. _______is the general term for a large, megalopolis-like urban complex that is formed by the coalescence of two or more metropolitan areas.
conurbation
106. The country in the Discontinuous North that is not located on the European mainland is _________.
Iceland
107. Even more than the United Kingdom, th European country that has benefited most from the North Sea oil boom is__________.
Norway
108. The Iberian Peninsula is isolated from the rest of Europe by a high range called the __________ Mountains.
pyrenees
109. Italy's economic core area, no longer focused on Rome, is now centered on the city of __________.
lombardy
****110. Kaliningrad is Russia's ______ in Europe.
...