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APUSH 1-62

Terms in this set (69)

Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans
Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and established the settlement at Plymouth
Northwest Passage
Believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in therace to Asian wealth
Conversion Experience
Required of members of the Puritan Church; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church
Social Reciprocity
Society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminately
Church of England
Protestant church led by the king of England,independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism duringreign of Catholic royalty
Atlantic slave trade
Often debtors sold to slave traders by Africankings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange.
Jamestown
First permanent English settlement in the Americas(1607), along James River.
John Smith
Introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony, sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; had fought Spanish and Turks
Pocahontas
Key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617.
Mayflower Compact
Foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land.
John Winthrop
Calvinist, devised concept of "city on a hill"("A Model of Christian Charity"); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay
"City on a Hill"
Exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs
Indentured servants
Settlers to pay the expenses of a servant's voyage and be granted land for each person they brought over; head right system
Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
Mandated the toleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even though Maryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant)
James I, Charles I
Reluctant to give colonists their own government, preferred to appoint royal governors
William Penn and the Quakers
Settled in Pennsylvania, believed the "Inner Light" could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers
Roger Williams
Challenged New Englanders to completely separate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church
Anne Hutchinson
Challenged New England Calvinist ministers' authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism
The Half-Way Covenant
New Englanders who did not wish to relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saints so that their children would be able to have the opportunity to be saints
Bacon's Rebellion
Rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans
Independence (1763-1789)
Navigation Acts
Only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763
Mercantilism
Ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; too restrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists
Charles II, James II
Tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures
William and Mary
Ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies
Dominion of New England
Combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one "super colony" governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a "super governor"
The Glorious Revolution
William and Mary kicked James II out fo England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures
James Oglethorpe
Established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors
The Enlightenment
Emphasis on human reason, logic, and science (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity
Benjamin Franklin
Connected the colonies to Britain, opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan
The Great Awakening
Began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities
Deists
Believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine
George Whitefield
Powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity
Jonathan Edwards
Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentance
New Lights vs. Old Lights
New Lights brought new ideas, rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent of each other
Albany Plan of Union
Colonies proposed colonial confederationunder lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, "GrandCouncil"); never took effect
French and Indian War
French threat at the borders was no longer present, therefore the colonies didn't need English protection; more independent stand against Britain
Proclamation of 1763
Prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonial growth
Salutary Neglect
Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements
Writs of Assistance
Search warrants on shipping to reduce smuggling; challenged by James Otis
Townshend Act (1767)
Similar to Navigation; raised money to pay colonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries
Sugar Act
Increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harder enforce existing tariffs
Stamp Act
Taxes on all legal documents to support British troops, not approved by colonists through their representatives
Stamp Act Congress
Held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed
Virginia Resolves
"no taxation without representation, "introduced by Patrick Henry
Currency Act
Prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy
Virtual Representation
All English subjects are represented in Parliament, including those not allowed to vote
The Loyal Nine
Group of Bostonians in opposition to the Stamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city
Sons of Liberty
Organized and controlled resistance against Parliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom), advocated no importation
Declaratory Act
Allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists' say
Boston Massacre
British soldiers shot into crowd of snowball fight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter
Committees of Correspondence
Committees appointed from different colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self-government, cooperation between colonies
Tea Act (1773)
Intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather than through wholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea)
Boston Tea Party
Peaceful destruction of British tea in Boston Harbor by colonists disguised as Indians
Quebec Acts
Former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in the Church of England
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
In reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), murder in the name of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony
Suffolk Resolves
Organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to pay taxes to Britain
Olive Branch Petition
Politely demanded from the king a cease-fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of American rights
Thomas Paine
Common Sense Stressed to the American people British maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution; appealed to American emotions
George Washington
American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for future presidents, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule
Whigs (Patriots)
Most numerous in New England, fought for independence
Tories (Loyalists)
Fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy)
British strengths and weaknesses
British citizenship outnumbered colonies', large navy and professional army; exhausted resources (Hessians hired), national debt
Colonial strengths and weaknesses
Fair amount of troops, short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington); nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles
Battle of Saratoga
American general Horatio Gates was victorious over British general Burgoyne
Valley Forge
Scarce supplies (food and clothing), army motivated by von Steuben
Battle of Yorktown
Last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland
American society during the Revolution
British-occupied cities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money, African-Americans and Native Americans involved
Articles of Confederation
States joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes
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