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PRAXIS II: WORLD HISTORY

Terms in this set (79)

Neolithic Period
New Stone Age
- 10,000 BCE
- the use of true farming
- villages, tribes of 150-2000 people
- first use of pottery and domesticated animals such as cattle and pigs
- change in human culture
Fertile Crescent
a crescent-shaped area that was part of a massive swath of rich farmland that stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea
Copper Age or Bronze Age
use of metal tools
Paleolithic Period
homosapiens
Code of Hammurabi
law codes created in Babylon at about 1790 BCE
- lists nearly 300 laws with corresponding punishments for each offense depending on social status of the criminal
Old Kingdom
2575 BCE - 2130 BCE
- encompasses the time period when the political system of the pharaohs developed
- the pharaohs were the absolute power in Egypt
- a complex governmental bureaucracy of specialists helped the pharaohs run the kingdom
- Great Pyramid were built during this time
The Middle Kingdom
2040 BCE - 1640 BCE
- period of internal strife and hardship
- massive crop failures, political power struggles, and foreign invasion
The New Kingdom
1570 BCE - 1070 BCE
- era of resurgence
- Egyptians constructed massive tombs for the burial of their pharaohs and other members of nobility in and area known as Valley of the Kings
Valley of Kings
most famous archeological sites in the world
- first female ruler, Hatshepsut, improved trade and strengthened the Egyptian economy
- rulers expanded boundaries of the kingdom through the conquest
- dominant power until 1100 BCE when invaders from Persia would conquer the region
hieroglyphics
a writing system that used pictures and symbols to represent concepts and sounds
Rosetta Stone
an Egyptian artifact, helped provide translations of hieroglyphics for modern understanding of the symbols
three dominant religions
judaism, christianity, and islam
Athens
700 BCE
- developed democracy but was limited
- Persian leadership, direct democracy
- qualified citizens could directly affect government policy instead of elected representatives
- Athen and allies formed the Delian League
- Sparta, enemies of Athens formed Peloponnesian League leading to War
- eventually greek states were conquered by Macadnieans led by Philip II who admired the Greeks
Alexander the Great
- the Macedonian Empire spread across Eastern Europe, the middle East and much of asia under his leadership
- brought greek influences
- capital was moved to Alexandria that had architectural marvel
- Hellenistic culture expanded for the social role in women
- created geometry
- astronomy theory that the world revolved around the sun
- engineering
- stoicism
stoicism
stressed self control and reason over emotion and prejudice which later influenced the Romans and the early catholics
Lasting impact of Greek and Hellenistic Culture
- Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
- Greek architecture styles are still considered classical
- myths and gods: mythology
- democracy
Ancient Rome: 509 BCE to 476 BCE
- Latins: predecessors of Romans believed to have migrated to the peninsula in 800 BCE
- Romans
- Etruscans: ruled Rome but is now extinct
- Romans overthrew them in 508 BCE and founded a republic
- considered a 300 person senate selected from the upper class who created and passed laws
- the tribunes could veto laws so they won't be unfair to the lower classes
- in times of crisis, they elect a dictator to have control over the government but their duration is ruled by the senate
Rome
- expanded borders by 44 BCE
- social inequalities
- led to civil wars
- senate was no longer supreme in Rome
- Emperor and army kept control
- 200 year span of peace call ed the Pax Romana or Roman Peace
- legalized Christianity
- 378 CE Rome was attacked and no longer strong enough
Medieval History: 500 CE to 1500 CE
- after the collapse of the roman empire, europe broke into smaller nation states
- christianity dominant faith
Kingdom of Franks
- led by the Emperor Charlemagne
- founder of christianized roman empire
- military, arts, sciences,
- led revival in latin
- made copies of classical texts
intellectual achievements of rome and greece
- after his death, his heirs were unable to maintain the empire
- internal conflicts
Byzantine Empire
-Justinian
- rebuilt Constinople and made a code of laws
- conflicts between christians and broke into a Western Church and an Eastern Church
- heirs were incapable of maintaining the empire
- rise of local monarchs on kings and queens
- in England, William the Conqueror gained control
- developed a legal code
-
The Magna Carta
1215
- nobles forced King John to sign to reserve the rights of nobles
- led to the creation of Parliament
- Phillip II set up the Estates General in 1302 made up of nobles, clergy,and commoners as a advisory body
Medieval Era
lots of warfare
- 4 crusades
Black Death
a global plague that swept through Europe form 1347 to 1353 which originated in China and brought into Europe on a trading vessel from the Black Sea to Italy by fleas, rats on merchant ships
- spread through the entire european continent
- until the 1500s
- education spread through the upper and middle classes
- universities were set up
- church scholars
- feudal system
feudal system
local lords governed their own lands
land for protection
merchang class
need for efficient trade routes
Indus River Valley Civilization (circa 2600-1900 BCE)
extend through the modern-day countries of Pakistan and India, though only through northwest areas of indian subcontinent
- known for sophisticated urban planning which are considered the importance of hygiene in an urban center
- unrestricted accès and draining facilites for homes
- early farming culture
The Olmec Civilization
1500 - 400 BCE
- developed its own series of writing and may have been first civilization in the Western Hemisphere to do so
- gigantic sculptures of helmeted heads: largest one weighs 50 tons
- responsible for the invention of the concept of zero as a placeholder in the counting system
Ancient China
2100 - 256 BCE
- 3 sovereigns
- Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasy, Yin Dynasty
- believed in venerationm which required worship of the dead as a religious practice
- Zhou Dynasy
- several Chinese philosophers lived including Confucianism and Taoism
The Renaissance and the Reformation: 1300 - 1560 CE
- began in italy
- influenced by classical greek and roman scholarship
- trade and banking
- Medicis of Florence became the financial and political powerhouses
- important in arts and sciences
- humanistic
- philosophy studies
- poets, literary arts
the renaissance
term used to describe a series of profound intellectual and social revolution that transformed nearly every aspect of life in Europe
Martin Luther
1517 posted a list of 95 arguments agains the then-common church practice of granting indulgences in exchange for blessings and grants of forgiveness for money
- set long revolts agains the church
Protestant Reformation
breakaway groups from the church know as Protestant faiths and their revolt
- later gave power to the reform-mided activists within the catholic church and started the Catholic or Counter Reformaiton
- a council was held and ended the corruption in the church and affirm certina tenets of the faith
- strangling the Inquisition and set up the Middle Ages
John Calvin
pastor known during the reformation
- helped devise a new system of christian theology later called Calvinism
Early Modern Europe: 1492 CE to 1648 CE
- commercial interests were expanding
- foreign goods and new markets
- dangerous political tensions between christian europeans and the islamic kingdoms of africa and middle east made them unreliable
- european discovered a sea route that passed through the souther tip of Africa but wasn't faster or safer
Christopher Columbus 1492
funded by the Spanish crown and attempted to find a sea route to india by going west and circumnavigating the globe
- instead he land landfall in the caribbean
imperialism
Columbus voyage led to this new phase of european powers
- vast openings for commercial opportunities in North and South American continents
- development of atlantic colonies to seek out collides in Africa and Asia
The Columbian Exchange
the process by which European plants and animals made their way to America and vice versa
- europeans introduced wheat, sugar, coffee, horses, pigs, and chicken to America
- colonies senti corn, potatoes tomatoes and cocoa to Europe
- smallpox and typhus were brought to the americas and there were no immunities to these diseases leading to devastation
New World
reshaped governments and nations in Europe
- limited power to the monarchs in several countries
absolute monarchs
in france and spain, these rulers were no checks to their power
- Parliament grew in strength during the New World
- civil war 1642-1651
- spain rose in prosperity and political importance
mercantilism
dominant economic policy of the day
- held that the wealth of nations could be measured by the amount of gold and silver they held
scientific method
a process of combining experiments and observations to determine naturalist explanations for worldly phenomena
Isaac Newton
physics
- developed the first functional theory of gravity
- developed calculus
Enlightenment
notion that some rights are reserved to humans at birth
John Locke
maintained that humans formed governments to ensure these natural rights and that they don't trample and to protect
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
philosopher during the age of revolutions spread
- american colonies began a revolt of revolutions in Haiti, Paraguay, Chile, Columbia, Mexico, Peru, Brazil and Bolivia

- France had inequality, French Revolution, 17000 people were executed for counterrevolutionary crimes at the hands of the new government
Napoleon Bonaparte
new government turned to this known hero to act as a figurehead for the new government
- took control of the government and had many victories against foreign foes
industrialization
improved steam power and high quality steel, improvements if the industry and transportation
Ottoman Empire
collapsed as nationalist groups revolted and tossed off foreign rule
- left Central Europe with the legacy of conflict that helped spark World War I
Balkan Powder Keg
the chaos left behind the decline of the Ottoman Empire in Central Europe
- powder keg exploded in 1914
- an Australian noble assassinated by Bosnian nationalist
Central Powers
germany and its allies
Allied Powers
Britain, Russia, and France
Soviet Union
revolutionary forces overthrow the Russian government
- dominated by communism who felt the war perpetrated the oppression of the working class
- began transforming Russia into this
Treaty of Versailles
1919
- Allies demanded 30 billion dollars in reparations and sections of the treaty were intended to cripple Germany's economic might
- stripped Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire of their overseas colonies
Mohandas Gandhi
national leader
- began a protest colonial rule
- resisted tyranny of the imperialistic rulers and helped inspire civil rights through a philosophy called civil disobedience
Great Depression
rise of fascism
- democratic governments unable to reverse the economic downturn, were voted out of office and replaced with totalitarian governments
- Benito Mussolini led the Fascist party forced the King Victor Emmanuel III to form a new government with Mussolini as prime minister
Nazi Party
under the leadership of Adolf Hitler was voted into power and dismantled the democratic government
appeasement
allowed current aggression in the hopes of preventing future aggression
United Nations
1945
eager to prevent future large scale conflicts, delegates from 50 nations created the charter for the United Nations
- global health monitoring, management of refugee services and regulation of worldwide environmental initiations
Cold War
fought by building alliances, supporting proxy states, and attempting to the thwart the expansion of the rival ideology
- conflict between the soviet union an the united states
- collapse of the soviet union had a dark side
- forcefully suppressed by the communists are unleashed `
Hinduism
oldest living religion
no central founder and very complex system of beliefs about God
Samsara
one of the Hindu beliefs such as dharma, karma, and yoga
- continual cycle of life including reincarnation or rebirth
karma
spiritual belief that act action or feet create a subsequent reaction
yoga
one of the paths to a spiritual goal
Bhagavad Gita
scripture
- one of the most famous texts of literature
caste system
designates social classes within the indian subcontinent into a system of social stratification
- restricted millions from escaping the class in when they were born in to maintain social hierarchy
spice trade
between india and europe, helped drive the world economy and inspired the Age of Discovery
Great Wall of China
built and rebuilt between the 5th and 6th century
to protect the Chinese Empire from invaders from the north
-5,000 miles long and unto 16ft with a width of 30ft in some places
Matthew Perry
1853
- in an attempt to open trade between the US and Japan, anchored his ships in Tokyo Bay that Japan was successfully opened to foreigners
Shinto
set of practices followed by more than 100 million Japanese
- connect Japan to its ancient past through shrines
samurai
Japan's warrior aristocracy
shogun
in charge of the military system of Jaam and they acted between leaders of Japan and their protectorates in a system called feudalism
emperor
highest authority of Shintoism and the emperors have been figureheads of Japan continuously for more than 2500 years
forest kingdoms
coalescence of many villages in the forestlands of western Africa between 1000 and 1500
Qu'ran
or Koran
- the Islam holy text that provides knowledge about the goudner of Islam
- Muslims
Muhammed
born in 570 in he city of Mecca, modern day Saudi Arabia
- Mecca is holiest sire and is now a large city of 1.7 million people
- also a destination for millions of Muslims visiting the holy site on an annual pilgrimage called hajj
Maya
earliest civilization existed mostly in the area now known as Mexico from about 2000 BCE until the arrival of the Spanish beginning in the sixteenth century
- known for their advanced written language, architecture, and mathematics
Aztec
lived in northern Mexico
- rose to power in the 12th and 13th centuries
- thrived in the 15th and 16th century until they were detected by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortez
Inca
most recent of the three famous Mesoamerican civilizations was based on the west coast of south america
- largest empire
- defeated by the Spanish
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