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micro test 4 oberg

Terms in this set (58)

Sporadic
disease that rarely occurs in a population
Endemic
disease that is always present in some of the population
Epidemic
rapid spread of a disease in a population
Pandemic
worldwide epidemic
6 Epidemic concerns in the U.S.
monitor re-portable diseases, influenza, sexually transmitted diseases, new communicable diseases, parasitic diseases, reemerging diseases
how long does it take for influenza to make a new strand
2-3 yrs
What examples of new communicable diseases
WNV, TSS, Legionnaries, Hantavirus, AIDS, SARS
Malaria, Chagas Disease, and Giardiasis are what types of diseases
parasitic
tuberculosis and syphilis are what types of diseases
reemerging
Pathogen
disease-causing microorganism
Virulence
the ability of a microorganism to cause a disease
Morbidity
incidence of disease (sickness) both fatal and non-fatal
Acute infection
develops rapidly, results in high fever and severe sickness (strep)
Chronic infection
develops slowly, longer lasting symptoms, (mono, TB, leprosy)
Local infection
the causative agent is limited to one place in the body. (boil)
Systemic infection
the infecting agent spreads throughout the body (measles, chickenpox)
Primary infection
disease that infects a healthy host (flu cold)
Secondary infection
disease that infects a weakened host (pneumonia, staph)
Inapparent infection
illness in which the symptoms are so mild it goes undetected (polio, CMV)
Zoonoses
diseases that both warm-blooded animals and humans can have
Direct contact (contagious)
handshaking, kissing, intercourse
what are some examples of direct contact diseases
polio, STD, chickenpox, cold, strep infections
Indirect contact
fecal/oral route
what are some examples of indirect contact
food and water, dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever
Air and dust borne
aerosols- coughing sneezing
Formites
inanimate objects
what are some examples of formites
clothing, utensils, toys, fossils, soil
Accidental inoculation
laboratory workers, mail
Arthropods and insects
flies, ticks, lice, fleas, mosquitoes, cockroaches
Inoculation
contact with organism
Incubation period
before symptoms appear
Clinical period
symptoms are present usually the most communicable period
Convalescence
recovery from disease and symptoms
True pathogen
will cause the disease if it contacts the host
Commensals
get nutrition from the host but don't damage the host (normal flora)
Opportunists
cause no problem until the host defenses are weakened
What are the major characteristics of a pathogen
attach to host, gain entrance into host, multiply in host tissues, resist or not stimulate host defenses, damage host
Virulence factors
promote colonization and survival of infecting bacteria, can alter host cell function, often found on pathogenicity islands
Capsule
sticky gelatinous covering (bacteria) inhibits phagocytosis
Pili/adhesins (fimbrae)
bind MO to host cells
sIgA proteases
breakdown mucin
Siderophores
iron acquisition
Coagulase
coagulates blood plasma
Streptokinase
dissolves blood clots
Hyaluronidase
dissolves cell glue
Leukocidins
kill white blood cells
Hemolysins
break apart RBCs
Collagenases
break down collagen
Penicillinase
breaks apart penicillin
Toxins
protein poisons, damage host
Endotoxins
heat stabile lipopolysaccharides, part of the outer membrane of Gram neg bacteria
What are the general reactions to an endotoxin
shock, fever, diarrhea
how are endotoxins detected
by Limulus test
Exotoxins
heat labile proteins, produced and secreted by living cells, highly specific
what are the symptoms of an exotoxin
paralysis, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage
Algal toxins
found in marine and fresh water
Fungal toxins
aflatoxins-carcinogenic
Infection with a microbe does ______ always lead to disease
not
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