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Biology Unit #4 Study Guide

Terms in this set (99)

The four basic body tissue types are:
____________
____________
____________
____________
epithelial
muscular
nervous
connective
Groups of cells with a common function make up a ____________.
tissue
Groups of tissues that perform a special body function make up a(n) ____________.
organ
The liver is located in the ____________ cavity.
abdominopelvic
The heart is located in the ____________ cavity.
thoracic
The muscle that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity is the ____________.
diaphragm
The process that works to counteract a stimulus is ____________.
negative feedback
Which type of tissue is made mostly of protein?
muscular/muscle
Ground substance is an important part of which tissue type?
connective
The two main types of glands are____________ and ____________.
endocrine; exocrine
The tissue type that protects and covers the body is ____________.
epithelial
A mammary gland that excretes milk is which type of gland?
exocrine
Organs that secrete or excrete substances are ____________.
glands
Calcium is most important for the growth of which kind of tissue?
bone
Organize the muscle structures in order from largest to smallest:
muscle fiber
filaments
muscle
filaments
myofibrils
1. muscle
2. muscle fascicles
3. muscle fibers
4. myofibrils
5. filaments
In muscles, blood vessels and nerves are in connective tissue between ____________.
muscle fascicles
The two proteins responsible for muscle contractions are ____________ and ____________.
actin; myosin
The signal-sending cell of the nervous system is the ____________.
neuron
The two parts of the Central Nervous System are the ____________ and ____________.
brain; spinal chord
When you touch a hot object a sensory cell sends a ____________signal to your brain.
sensory
A ____________ cell carries messages from your brain to your hand.
motor
The cells in your brain are ____________ cells.
interneurons
When you step on a sharp object, the nervous reflex to jump back is controlled by the ____________.
spinal chord
The synapse is a space between the ____________ and the ____________.
axon terminal; receiving cell
Which division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates "fight or flight" responses?
sympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system causes organs to "rest and digest"?
parasympathetic
What part of the brain includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata?
brain stem
What part of the brain controls thought and memory?
cerebrum
What process results in a temporary reversal of electrical charges across a nerve membrane?
action potential
What white matter coats the outside of axons?
myelin
When a neuron is not sending signals, ____________ ions are concentrated outside the cell membrane.
sodium
Hormones are moved through the body by the ____________ system.
circulatory
The posterior pituitary stores hormones secreted by the ____________ gland.
hypothalamus
Which gland controls the rate of your metabolism?
thyroid
Which gland produces T cells for the immune system?
thymus
What two hormones produced by the pancreas control glucose levels in your blood?
insulin and glucagon
Organs respond to different hormones because their cells have different shaped ____________.
receptors
Steroid hormones are produced from ____________ molecules.
cholesterol
What is the "master gland" of the endocrine system?
pituitary gland
Vaccinations cause your body to produce ____________ against a particular disease organism.
antibodies
Macrophages are important in which type of specific immunity?
cell-mediated
Cells that eat other cells are called ____________.
phagocytes
In cell-mediated immunity, cells that kill other cells by destroying their cell membranes are called ____________.
cytotoxic T-cells
The tissue type that provides support for other body tissues is ____________ tissue.
connective
The organ that protects and covers the body is the ____________.
skin
Fat is also known as____________ tissue.
adipose connective
Myosin and actin are found in ____________ tissue.
muscle
Which two organ systems work together to bring food nutrients to your muscle cells?
digestive and cardiovascular
Which two organ systems work together to deliver oxygen to your muscle cells?
respiratory and cardiovascular
Which system drains interstitial fluids from between muscle cells?
cardiovascular
The ____________ system coordinates responses to events in the external environment.
nervous
The ____________ system coordinates responses to events in the internal environment.
endocrine
The thyroid gland is a part of the ____________ system.
endocrine
The largest organ in the body is the ____________.
skin
Young bone cells that build bones are ____________.
osteoblasts
Mature bone cells that maintain bones are ____________.
osteocytes
Enzyme-producing bone cells that remove minerals from the bone are ____________.
osteoclasts
Bone matrix is made of the minerals ____________ and ____________.
calcium and phosphorous
Compact bone is organized into long, cylindrical units called ____________.
osteons
Which kind of muscle is under voluntary control?
skeletal
Which kind of muscle is involuntary and striated?
cardiac
Which kind of muscle controls the contraction of blood vessels?
smooth
An antibody is produced in our body, in response to a specific ____________.
antigen
Swelling, redness, heat and pain are symptoms of which non-specific defense?
inflammation
The HIV virus attacks ____________ cells.
helper target
Tissue damage causes mast cells to release ____________ into the interstitial fluid.
histimine
Where in the body are B-cells produced?
bone marrow?
Tears and saliva contain bacteria-killing enzymes called ____________.
lysozyme
Immune system cells in the blood are the ____________ cells.
white blood
What protein in red blood cells binds to oxygen?
hemoglobin
Albumins, fibrinogen, globulins are three types of ____________.
plasma proteins
In blood, K+, Na+, and Cl- are ____________.
electrolytes
Gas exchange occurs in which type of blood vessels?
capillaries
Blood from the pulmonary circuit goes to which heart chamber?
left atrium
The blood vessels that supply heart muscle with oxygen are ____________.
coronary arteries
Which blood vessels have one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backwards?
veins
In the lungs, gas exchange takes place in the ____________.
alveoli
True or false: Dendrites send nerve signals.
T
True or false: Skin cells live for about six weeks.
T
True or false: The axial skeleton includes the skull, ribs, and vertebral column.
T
True or false: Warm-blooded animals use more energy than cold-blooded animals.
T
True or false: A pain receptor is a type of nerve tissue.
F
True or false: The skin is composed only of nervous tissue.
F
True or false: The dermis is made up of connective tissue.
T
True or false: Glands are made up of epithelial tissue
T
True or false: Bone is not living tissue
F
True or false: A single muscle cell can be as long as the whole muscle
T
True or false: When we produce antibodies to fight a pathogen, we develop active immunity
T
True or false: The stomach produces hormones
T
True or false: Axons carry signals to the next nerve cell
T
True or false: A nerve is smaller than a neuron.
F
True or false: Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol
T
True or false: Hormones are used to maintain homeostasis
T
True or false: The anterior pituitary makes human growth hormone
T
True or false: B cell receptors can recognize only one antigen
T
True or false: Vaccinations stimulate antibody-mediated immunity
T
True or false: Oxidized LDLs in artery walls trigger inflammatory immune response
T
True or false: Aorta = largest blood vessel in the pulmonary circuit
T
True or false: Wastes in interstitial fluid enter the venuos ends of capillaries by osmosis
T
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