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AP Psych Cattle Drive #4

Terms in this set (83)

Recall/Recognition
Recall: simply bringing a thought or idea learned previously, and thus stored in memory into conscious awareness
Recognition: identifying something you learned previously and is therefore stored in some manner in memory
Reciprocal Determinism
A person's behavior is both influenced by and influences a person's personal factors and the environment
Reflex
Any response you have to a stimulus that is inherent
Types of Reinforcement
Positive: A stimulus which increases the frequency of a particular behavior using pleasant rewards
Negative: The occurrence of a behavior is increased by removing an unpleasant stimulus
Reliability
The extent to which a test or other instrument is consistent in its measures
REM Sleep
Stands for rapid eye movement and occurs in cylces every 60-90 minutes throughout your sleep
Replication
A study is conducted again in the same way, but using different participant
Representative Heuristic
A cognitive bias in which an individual categories a situation based on a pattern of previous experiences or beliefs about the scenario
Resistance
When patients act in counterproductive ways in response to the therapist addressing certain topics
Resting Potential
The polarization of cellular fluid within a neuron that provides the potential to produce an action
Reticular Formation
It functions can be classified into 4 categories: motor control, sensory control, visceral control, and control of consciousness
Retina
The area in the back of the eye that contains your rods and your cones
Retinal Disparity
The difference between the visual images that each eye perceives because of the different angles in which each eye views the world
Rods
Part of the eye that helps you detect movement
Sample
A relativity small number of participants drawn from an entire population
Scatterplot
A visual representation of the relationships or associations between two numerical variables, which are represented as points each plotted at a horizontal axis and vertical axis
Schemas
A cognitive system which helps us organize and make sense of information
Schizophrenia
A psychological disorder thought to be caused by imbalances in brain chemistry, which involves delusions and faulty perceptions of the world
Scientific Mehtod
A systematic step by step procedure psychologists are when conducting research
Self actualization
At the top of the hierarchy of needs where people have reached their full potential and have become all that they can be
Self Concept
When you add your feelings of ideas and objects or beings together
Self Efficacy
A person's belief in his or her ability to complete a future task or solve a future problem
Self Serving Bias
Attributing positive outcomes to personal factors, but attribute negative outcomes to external factors
Semantic Memory
We store general world knowledge like facts, ideas, words, problem solving, etc.
Semantics
Concerns the meanings of words, signs, symbols, and the phrases that represent them
Sensation
The neural synaptic firing of our receptors and our brian's
Sensory Memory
The part of the memory system which is the initial contact for stimuli, only capable of retaining information for a short period of time
Serial Position Effect
The tendency to recall information that is presented first and last better than the information in the middle
Set Point
Theory that states that everybody's body has a genetically determined range of weight and temperature that their body will try to maintain to stay in optimal health
Sexual Orientation
Your sexual preference for members of the same sex or the opposite sex
Shape Constancy
The tendency to perceive an object as having the same shape regardless of its orientation or the angle from which we view it
Shaping
Gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response
Signal Detection Theory
Holds the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical and psychological state of the individual
Size Constancy
To perceive an object as being the same size regardless of whether it is close or far away
Types of Sleep Disorders
Sleep Apnea: can't breath well during sleep
Narcolepsy: falls asleep at random times
Insomnia: can't fall or stay asleep
Social Facilitation
People perform certain tasks better when they are in the presence of other people
Social Loafing
When people in a group put less effort into the task when the effort is pooled compared to when they are all responsible for their own contributions
Social Norms
The rules for how people should act in a given group or society
Social Trap
A short term solution to a problem that ultimately causes a long term loss
Somatic Nervous System
The part of the nervous system which connects the brain and spinal cord to the voluntary muscle system
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a response that has been extinguished(CR)
Standardization
Consistency and objectivity of how tests are administered and scored
State Dependent Memory
Recall from long term memory that is dependent on certain cues from our physical states
Stereotype
A "fixed" way of thinking about people in which you classify others into specific categories without much room for individualism or variation
Stimulants
Drugs that arouse or excite the nervous system and speed up bodily processes
Storage
Refers to the ability to retain information in the brain
Stranger Anxiety
The developmental situation in which infants become anxious and fearful around strangers
Stress
A psychological and physical response of the body that occurs whenever we must adapt to changing conditions, whether conditions be real or perceived, positive or negative
Structuralism(Wundt)
A school of thought that sought to identify the components of the mind
Subliminal Perception
Sensory stimulation that is below a person's threshold for perception
Survey
A method for collecting information or data as reported by individuals
Synapse
The entire junction between neurons across which communications flow
Syntax
The rules that specify how words should be ordered in a sentence to make the sentence meaningful
Systematic Desensitization
Form of treatment or therapy for phobias, fears, and aversions that people have
Taste Buds
Nerve endings that are located on the tongue and and back of the throat and are responsible for our sensation of taste
Telegraphic Speech
Speech that sounds very much a telegram, has words in an order that does not make sense and contains nouns and verbs, children that are usually 2 years old
Temperament
The characteristics and aspects of personality that we are born with
Temporal Lobes
The area of the brain involved with hearing
Teratogens
Anything that can disrupt the development of an embryo or fetus in a pregnant mother's womb
Thalamus
A structure deep within the brain stem that receives sensory information from the nervous system and passes the information to the cerebral cortex and other part of the brain
Theory
Explain observable events in a meaningful way
Token Economy
A reward system used in a behavior modification program, for positive behavior there is some form of a reward given
Tolerance
When your body gets used to a drug its effectiveness decreaes
Top Down Processing
We form perceptions by starting with the larger concept or idea and then working our way down to the finer details of that concept or idea
Transduction
Changing physical energy into electrical signals that can make their way to the brain
Transference
A phenomenon where patients undergoing clinical therapy begin to transfer their feelings of a particular person in their lives to the therapist
Trichromatic Theory
The human retina contains three different receptors for color one is most sensitive to red, one is most sensitive to green, and one is most sensitive to blue
Two Factor Theory of Emotion
Human emotions contain two parts: physical arousal and cognitive label
Type A/B Personality
Type A: characterized by having a sense of time urgency, find it difficult to relax, and often become impatient and angry when they get delayed or are around other people whom they view as incompetent
Type B: characterized by better at relaxing without feeling guilty and working without becoming anxious or agitated
Unconditional Positive Regard
When one person is completely accepting toward another person
Unconscious
The mental processes of which individuals make themselves unaware (the parts of the unconscious: id, ego, and superego)
Validity
If a test properly measures what it is intended to measure
Variables
Any characteristic that can assume multiple values or can vary in participants
Vestibular Sense
The body's set of mechanisms that monitor and adjusts the sense of balance and orientation to the world
Visual Cliff
A test given to infants to see if they have developed depth percpetion
Weber's Law
For people to really perceive a difference, the stimuli must differ by a constant proportion not a constant amount
Wernicke's Aphasia
Damage to the area of the brain that controls the development of language
Worf's Theory of Linguistic Determinism/Relativity
An assumption that language both reflects and limits human mentality and its ability to make cross-cultural connections
Working Memory
The ability of keeping the information temporarily and processing it at the same time
Yerkes-Dodson Arousal Law
States that an organisms performance can be improved if that organism is aroused in some manner
Zajonc's Mere Exposure Effect
In which you begin to like something simply because you are exposed to it over and over again
Zimbardo Prison Experiment
Tested how people adapted to their newly assigned roles as either prisoner or guard
Zygote
When a female egg is fertilized
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