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mcb 4.1

Terms in this set (66)

What is the term for the manner in which a disease develops?
Pathogenesis
What is the term used for the cause of a disease?
Etiology
A change in health that results from an infection is known as _______.
Disease
What is the term for when a microorganism invades the body?
Infection
_______ microbes are present for only a period of time and then disappear.
Transient
_______ flora are the microbes which have permanent residence and do not normally cause disease.
Normal
_______ pathogens are normally not pathogenic but will cause disease if the host is compromised in some way.
Opportunistic
What does LD50 stand for?
Lethal Dose 50
What does ID50 stand for?
Infectious Dose 50
What is another name for a ligand on the surface of a pathogen that allows it to bind to receptors on the host cell tissue?
Adhesin
What is another name for a capsule?
Glycocalyx
Capsules interfere with host immune system cells and inhibit _______.
Phagocytosis
______ is an exoenzyme which causes clotting of blood.
Coagulase
______ is an exoenzyme which dissolves blood clots.
Kinases
______ is an exoenzyme which breaks down the polysaccharide "cement" which holds cells of connective tissue together.
Hyaluronidase
______ is an exoenzyme which breaks down a major protein found in connective tissue.
Collagenase
______ is an exoenzyme which digests the protective coating on mucous membranes.
Mucinase
Damage to the host ______ _______ is the most common mode of action of toxins.
Cell Membrane
The term used for toxins that are produced by bacteria and secreted into the surrounding environment.
Exotoxins
Most exotoxins are produced by gram _____ bacteria and are found on _______.
Positive; plasmids
This type of exotoxin kills cells or alters their function.
Cytotoxin
This type of exotoxin interferes with the transmission of a nerve impulse.
Neurotoxin
This type of exotoxin affects the lining of the GI tract.
Entertotoxin
What part of the lipopolysaccharide of gram (-) cell walls is known as endotoxin
Lipid A
Which type of bacterial cell contains endotoxin? (+) or (-)
Gram (-)
Which type of bacterial cell produces most of the known exotoxins? (+) or (-)
Gram (+)
For endotoxins to produce fever, the steps begin with gram (-) bacteria being engulfed by phagocytes. Phagocytes produce _______ which travels to the _______ via the bloodstream and the subsequent release of _______ produces fever.
Interleukin-1; Hypothalamus; Prostaglandins
A _______ infection is limited to a small area of the host's body.
Local
A _______ infection is spread throughout the body.
Systemic
A _______ infection is a systemic infection which then infects a specific portion of the body.
Focal
_____ is growth and multiplication of bacteria in the blood.
Septicemia
_____ is the presence of bacteria in the blood.
Bacteremia
_____ is the presence of toxin in the blood.
Toxemia
_____ is the presence of a viral infection in the blood.
Viremia
A _______ infection is an acute infection that causes the disease.
Primary
A _______ infection is caused by an opportunistic pathogen.
Secondary
A _______ infection is one which shows no symptoms or signs.
Subclinical
Subjective changes in body function are known as ______.
Symptoms
Objective changes in body function such as fever or paralysis are known as _____.
Signs
A ______ is a set of symptoms and signs associated with a particular disease.
Syndrome
Chicken pox, measles and tuberculosis are all examples of _____ diseases, those that are spread from person to person.
Communicable
Chicken pox and measles are both examples of _____ diseases, those that are very easily spread from person to person.
Contagious
Name 2 diseases that are known to be non-communicable.
Tetanus and anthrax
The fraction of the population that has the disease at a particular point in time.
Prevalence
The fraction of the population that contracts the disease over a period of time.
Incidence
Worldwide infections are known as ______.
Pandemic
_____ diseases infect large numbers of people in a short period of time.
Epidemic
_____ diseases only occur infrequently in the population.
Sporadic
_____ diseases are always present in the population.
Endemic
_____ diseases develop rapidly and do not last very long.
Acute
_____ diseases develop slowly and either persist or recur.
Chronic
_____ harbor pathogens and can transmit them to others, but do not show any signs of the disease.
Carriers
_____ are diseases that normally occur in animals other than humans but can be transmitted to humans.
Zoonoses
Give 2 examples of zoonotic diseases.
Rabies
The method to transmit disease which involves touching or sexual intercourse is known as _____.
Direct Contact Transmission
A _____ is a non-living object which transmits the disease to another person.
Fomite
_____ contact transmission involves fomites.
Indirect
_____ transmission is a type of vehicle transmission involving release of the pathogen during something such as a sneeze.
Droplet
_____ are animals that transmit the pathogen from one host to another.
Vectors
Is it passive or biological transmission that involves a vector passing a pathogen on the external body of the insect?
Passive
Vectors which can replicate the pathogen inside their bodies utilize _____ transmission.
Biological
What are the two major types of bacteria which are the cause of nosocomial infections now?
E. coli and P. aeruginosa
What percentage of hospital patients acquire some type of nosocomial infection?
5%
______ infections are those acquired while in the hospital.
Nosocomial
_____ ______ was the bacterium that Koch used to formulate his postulates.
Bacillus anthracis
What are two exceptions to Koch's postulates?
Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum
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