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Unit 1- Social Psychology

Key Concepts:

Terms in this set (47)

attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
peripheral route persuasion
attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues (speakers attractiveness)
central route persuasion
attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
role
a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
attribution theory
theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or persons disposition
foot-in-the-door
a phenomenon in which person who agree to a small request are more likely to later agree on a larger request
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
conformity
adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
group polarization
the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
de-individuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that faster arousal and anonymity
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire or harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
in-group bias
the tendency to favor our own group
in-group
"us"- people with whom we share a common identity
norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
out-group
"them"- those perceived as different or apart from our in-group
other-race effect (cross-race effect) (own-race bias)
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings
personal space
a buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often over generated) belief about a group of people
aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them (familiarity)
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwinded
equity
a condition in which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-intrest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggresive
self-fulfilling prophecy
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction, strategy designed to decrease international tensions.
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