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Governance Module B: Thinking Critically, Making Decisions, Solving Problems- Chapter 8

Terms in this set (31)

Critical Thinking
Used to find creative solutions to problems
assumptions; alternatives
Critical thinking involves:
Examining __
Interpreting and evaluating arguments
Imagining and exploring __
Developing reflective criticism to reach justifiable conclusion
commitment
Critical Thinking Skills:
Are used throughout the nursing process
Require time and __ to develop
Improve with daily use in nursing activities
assumptions
Using Critical Thinking:
What are the underlying __?
How is evidence interpreted?
How are the arguments to be evaluated?
What are possible alternate perspectives?
creativity
Is essential to the critical thinking process
Produces new and better solutions to challenges
Keeps organizations alive
Must be encouraged and made a priority
Preparation
First stage of creativity: __:
Pick a specific task
Gather relevant facts
Challenge every detail
Develop preferred solutions
Implement improvements
Incubation
second stage of creativity: __: Allow as much time as possible to elapse before deciding on solutions
Insight
Verification
third and fourth stages of creativity
decision making
May or may not involve a problem
Always involves making a choice
problem solving
Involves diagnosing a problem and solving it
May or may not require making a decision
certainty
Decision-making conditions:
State of __
Uncertainty and risk
Probability
Probability
The likelihood that an event will or will not occur
Objective probability
The likelihood that an event will or will not occur based on facts and reliable information
Subjective probability
The likelihood that an event will or will not occur based on manager's personal judgment and beliefs
Rational Decision-Making Model
Identify all possible outcomes
Examine the probability of each alternative
Take the action that yields the highest probability of achieving the most desirable outcome
Descriptive Rationality Model
Emphasizes limitations of decision maker and situation
Three ways decision makers depart from the decision-making model
Limits of time, energy, or money
Lack of adequate information and control of conditions
Use of satisficing strategies
Satisficing
The individual chooses an alternative that is not ideal but either is good enough or is the first acceptable alternative
Political decision-making model
Power is the ability to influence or control how problems and objectives are defined, what alternative solutions are considered and selected, what information flows, and what decisions are made
purpose; weigh; alternatives
Steps in decision making:
Identify the __
Set the criteria
__ the criteria
Seek __
Test alternative.
Troubleshoot
Evaluate the action
information; solutions
Steps in problem solving:
Define the problem
Gather __
Analyze the information
Develop __
Make a decision
Implement the decision
Evaluate the solution
trial and error
Applying one solution after another until the problem is solved or appears to be improving
experimentation
Involves testing a theory or hunch
A project or study is carried out in either a controlled or uncontrolled setting
Data are collected and analyzed and results interpreted to determine whether the solution tried has been effective
Past experience and intuition
An individual's experience can determine how much risk he or she will take in present circumstances
Intuition relies heavily on past experience and trial and error
self-solving
Some problems are __:
If permitted to run a natural course, problems are solved by those personally involved
governance
Professionals function best in organizations with shared __
brainstorming
Group members meet and generate many diverse ideas about the nature, cause, definition, or solution to a problem
Premium placed on generating lots of ideas as quickly as possible
Evaluation
__ takes place after all the ideas have been generated
Disadvantages of brainstorming
High cost factor, the time consumed, and the superficiality of many solutions
Groups; biased
__ are more likely than individuals to try several approaches
Groups may generate more complete, accurate, and less __ information than individuals
When groups solve problems, the likelihood of cooperation in implementation increases
Conflict; managers
Disadvantages of Group Problem Solving:
Time consuming
__
Benign tyranny
Resistance by __
Groupthink
Risky shift
Inexperience
Stumbling Blocks:
Personality
__
Rigidity
Preconceived ideas
Case
Techniques for stimulating innovation:
Simulations
__ studies
Problem-based learning
Debate
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