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Assorted terms and therapies

Terms in this set (211)

abnormal behavior
Behavior characterized as a typical, socially unacceptable, distressing to the individual or others, maladaptive, and/or the result of distorted cognitions
psychopathology
the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction; mental illness has been defined in various ways throughout history possession, evil spirits, bodily imbalances
trephining
The cutting of holes into the skull of a living person. Done in ancient times to release "demons" living inside a person. Done today to release excess body fluids. Gross
Middle Ages in spirit possession
being influenced by the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the remnants of other religious/cultural systems as one cause of abnormality. The treatement of choice for such maladies was a religious one: exorcism
exorcism
For those people in the Middle Ages who believed abnormal behavior or mental illness resulted from spirit possession, most likely called "witches", the treatment of choice was death
etiology
the origin, cause, or set of causes for a disorder.
medical model
abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures
prognosis
a forecasting of the probable course and outcome of a disease, especially of the chances of recovery; a forecast or prognostication.
situational context
Before any behavior can be defines as abnormal, we must consider the _____ (social situation, enviornmental, behavioral setting or general circumstances) in which it occurs
subjective discomfort
emotional distress while engaging in a particular behavior or thought process
maladaptive
Anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life, displaying this type of behavior is a sign of abnormality.
what is abnormality? current definitions of abnormality are based on several factors
statistical or social norm deviance, subjective discomfort, inability to function normally
Psychological Disorders @ Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was first published in 1952, current version (DSM-5) published in 2013,--describes and provides diagnostic criteria for approximately 250 different psychological;--in general, approximately 26% of adults over age 18 in the United States suffer from a mental disorder
models of abnormality
explanations for disordered thinking or behavior depend on theoretical model used to explain personality in general
sociocultural perspective:
thinking and behavior are the products of family, social, and cultural influences; what is normal in one culture may be abnormal in another
biopsychosocial perspective:
incorporates biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Cultural binding
Which of the following concepts is not specifically associated with the DSM-5 examination of Culture-related disorders?
absolute threshold
the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present.
cognitive therapy
therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distortions in their thinking and replace distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts.
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically.
cognitive-mediational theory
theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction.
community psychology
area of psychology in which psychologists serve at various levels including individual, group, and community, focusing on promoting social welfare and preventing social problems.
coping strategies
actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors.
counseling psychology
area of psychology in which the psychologists help people with problems of adjustment.
cultural relativity
the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place.
cultural syndromes
sets of particular symptoms of distress found in particular cultures, which may or may not be recognized as an illness within the culture.
cybertherapy
psychotherapy that is offered on the Internet. Also called online, Internet, or Web therapy or counseling.
delusions
false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness.
depressants
drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system.
descriptive statistics
a way of organizing numbers and summarizing them so that patterns can be determined.
direct observation
assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting.
directive
therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions.
display rules
learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings.
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body.
dominant
referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait.
drive-reduction theory
approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal.
drive
a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.
eclectic
approach to therapy that results from combining elements of several different approaches or techniques.
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
form of biomedical therapy to treat severe depression in which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person's head and an electric current is passed through the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion.
electroencephalogram (EEG)
a recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, most often using scalp electrodes.
emotion-focused coping
coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor.
emotional intelligence
the awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel, and socially skilled.
empathy
the ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client.
eustress
the effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being.
evidence-based treatment (EBT)
also called empirically supported treatment, refers to interventions, strategies, or techniques that have been found to produce therapeutic and desired changes during controlled research studies.
exposure therapies
behavioral techniques that expose individuals to anxiety- or fear-related stimuli, under carefully controlled conditions, to promote new learning.
extrinsic motivation
type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.
facial feedback hypothesis
theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion.
family counseling (family theraphy)
a form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family.
fixation
disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage.
flat affect
a lack of emotional responsiveness.
flooding
technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response.
forensic psychology
area of psychology concerned with people in the legal system, including psychological assessment of criminals, jury selection, and expert witnessing.
free association
psychoanalytic technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations.
free-floating anxiety
anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source.
frustration
the psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need.
functional fixedness
a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
MRI-based brain-imaging method that allows for functional examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation.
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
the three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
generalized anxiety disorder
disorder in which a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, which lasts 6 months or more.
gestalt psychology
early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures.
gestalt therapy
form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing.
hallucinogenics
drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication.
hallucinogens
drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.
health psychology
area of psychology focusing on how physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships affect overall health and rate of illnesses; area of psychology in which the psychologists focus on the relationship of human behavior patterns and stress reactions to physical health.
heroin
narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive.
biomedical therapy
uses medical interventions to bring symptoms under control
insight therapies
therapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings.
instincts
the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.
insulin
a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream.
interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
form of therapy for depression which incorporates multiple approaches and focuses on interpersonal problems.
learning/performance distinction
referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior.
learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
lesioning
an electrical current strong enough to kill off the target neurons is sent through the tip of the wire.
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
powerful synthetic hallucinogen.
major depressive disorder
severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause, or is too severe for current circumstances.
manic
having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability.
morphine
narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain.
motivation
the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.
narcotics
a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins.
need for achievement (nAch)
a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.
need for affiliation (nAff)
the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others.
need for power (nPow)
the need to have control or influence over others.
negative symptoms
symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production.
neurofeedback
form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.
neuroscience
a branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue.
neurotic personalities
personalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney's theory.
nondirective
therapy style in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgmental listener while the client talks.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental act (compulsion).
operant conditioning
the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.
overgeneralization
the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure; distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original.
panic attack
sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying.
panic disorder
disorder in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life.
perceptual set (perceptual expectancy)
the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions.
person-centered therapy
a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens.
personality disorder
disorders in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions.
phobia
an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity.
physiological psychology
area of psychology in which the psychologists study the biological bases of behavior.
positive symptoms
symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behaviour or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than 1 month.
psychiatric social worker
a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse.
psychiatrist
a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
psychoactive drugs
thinking, perception, and memory.
Chemicals that change the chemistry of the brain.
Chemicals that affect the activity of brain cells to alter perception, thought, and mood, and possibly to create illusions in the mind of the user.
psychodynamic therapy
a newer and more general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis, with an emphasis on transference, shorter treatment times, and a more direct therapeutic approach.
psychological defense mechanisms
unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety.
psychological disorder
any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts, and behavior on the immune system.
psychopathology
the study of abnormal behavior.
psychopharmacology
the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psychological disorders.
psychosurgery
surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders.
psychotherapy
therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional.
psychotic
term applied to a person who is no longer able to perceive what is real and what is fantasy.
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are directly challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking into more rational belief statements.
recessive
referring to a gene that influences the expression of a trait only when paired with an identical gene.
reflection
therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements.
resistance
occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, by either changing the subject or becoming silent.
schizophrenia
severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality.
self-help groups (support group)
a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support.
shaping
the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.
social neuroscience
the study of the relationship between biological systems and social processes and behavior.
specific phobia
fear of objects or specific situations or events.
statistically significant
referring to differences in data sets that are larger than chance variation would predict.
stimulants
drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system.
stimulatory hallucinogenics
drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.
stimulus discrimination
the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.
stimulus motive
a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity.
stress-vulnerability model
explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will result in the development of that disorder under the right conditions of environmental or emotional stress.
successive approximations
small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior.
surface traits
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person.
synesthesia
disorder in which the signals from the various sensory organs are processed in the wrong cortical areas, resulting in the sense information being interpreted as more than one sensation.
systematic desensitization
behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears.
temperament
the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, such as easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.
therapeutic alliance
the relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding.
token economy
type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.
top-down processing
the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole.
trait
a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving.
trait-situation interaction
the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed.
transference
in psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist.
Type 2 diabetes
disease involving failure of the pancreas to secrete enough insulin, necessitating medication, usually diagnosed before the age of 40 and can be associated with obesity.
Yerkes-Dodson law
law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: Easy tasks require a high-moderate level, whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level.
mood disorders
A class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes.
mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
stress-vulnerability explantion of depression
explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to certain psychological disorders occur when people with a predisposition toward these problems are exposed to stressors at critical points in development, those without the vulnerability are able to withstand a great deal of stress without developing psychological problems.
explain the difference between insight and action therapy
The difference between the two negotiation styles is integrative builds relationships and distributive creates adversaries. The task of distributive negotiating is to divide up a fixed set of resources while integrative negotiating does not see resources as necessarily fixed. During integrative negotiating, parties see each other as partners rather than competitors (which is how they see each other in distributive negotiating).
Who is Philippe Pinel?
A man, in the beginning of the movement of humane treatment of the mentally ill, who personally unchained the inmates at La Bicetra Asylum in Paris
What is psychoanalytical therapy
Psychoanalytic psychotherapy is an effective, evidence-based treatment grounded in psychoanalytic principles; ir has been shown to be helpful for a wide variety of mental health issues. It is especially beneficial for problems that don't respond to other therapies or medication alone. attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behaviour
Gestalt-humanistic
an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. The principle that maintains that the human eye sees objects in their entirety before perceiving their individual parts.
symptoms of schizophrenia
social withdrawal, thought disorders, inappropriate/unpredictable emotional responses, anhedonia, delusions, hallucinations
treatment for schizophrenia
psychosocial treatment, antipsychotic medication that block dopamine, antianxiety, antidepressants, antipsychotics
neuroleptics, Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Clozapine, Risperidone, Aripiparzole
family therapy
therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication, A form of psychotherapy that is based on the assumption that the family is a system and that treats the family as a unit.
disadvantages of family therapy
-risk (consequences of failure) to the family in launching a busines
gender differences
Psychologists now more clearly recognize that the complex ways in which people determine what is "male" and what is "female" are heavily socially based, and women are encouraged to be communal and expressive whereas men are encouraged to be independent and autonomous
Individual therapies
those in which a therapist works one on one with a client, Psychoanalytical - FREU- strengthen partner support- change must be internally motivating
Personality Disorders
Disorders that involve patterns of behavior that are inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired function in at least two of the following: cognition, emotion, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control, social.
Dissociation Disorder
A condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality lasting minutes to many years--Loss of memory and gaps in memory for a very long time or a traumatic event. Dissociative amnesia involves burying a memory of an event whereas simple amnesia is memory loss due to a brain injury.
Changing views of abnormality; The study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction is now called psychopathology.
Defining abnormality is a complicated process, and our view of what is abnormal has changed significantly over time. One way to define normal and abnormal is to use a statistical definition.
The different definitations of abnormal behavior identify how each school of thought explained the cause of abnormal behavior
Statistical or social norm deviance, subject discomfort, inability to function normally
Factors of abnormality
Statistical or Social Norm Deviance,
situational context
behavior or thinking deviates from the norms of society, deviance variation from social norms is not always labeled as negative or abnormal. The social environmental setting of a person's behavior,Tells therapist all activities & phone conver. monitored vs. the man is in the witness protection program.
subjective discomfort
factors of abnormality
Emotional distress while engaging in a particular behavior or thought process. I.E. A woman who has a phobia of the outside-would experience a great deal of anxiety at the thought of leaving her house and distress over being unable to leave.
abnormality
Inability to Function Normally
Thinking or Behavior that does not allow a person to fit into society or function normally can be labeled abnormal, Maladaptive behavior-person finds it hard to deal with demands of day-to-day life, IE. women cuts herself to relieve anxiety,key elements in the definition of abnormality
Abnormal thinking or behavior that includes at least "two of these five criteria" are perhaps best classified by the term psychological disorder, which is defined as any pattern of behavior or psychological functioning that causes people significant distress--- causes them to harm themselves or others--- or harms their ability to function in daily life.
*Is the thinking or behavior IE-severe panic facing strangers
*severely depression/absence of stressful life situation?
*Does the thinking go against social norms?
*Does the behavior or psychological function cause the person significant subjective discomfort?
*Is the thought process or beh. maladaptive, or inability to function?
What is sociocultural perspective?
Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: Obsessive-compulsive disorder now falls in the category of
"Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"
Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder are found under
"Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders" PTSD and ASD
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Ed. DSM-5 released in 2013
published by American Psychiatric Association
The leading classification for psychological disorders in the US, to include changes in organization of disorders, modifications in terminology used to describe disorders and their symptoms, and discusses the possibility of dimensional assessments for some disorders in future ver. of the manual. providing clinicians with descriptions and criteria for diagnosing mental disorders but is has not been without / controversy.
Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress,
anxiety disorders
disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety, or related to traumatiocstress
The experience of unwarranted fear and anxiety, physiological tension, and behaviors associated with the emotional and physical experience of anxiety. GAD Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder-panic attack, phobias-social, claustrophobia, nyctophobia darkness worry excessively, free-floating anxiety
OCD Obsessive-compulsive disorder,
The disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsion) is called
PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder, ASD accute stress disorder
Both general and specific stressors Motivation, Stress, and Emotion.
Two trauma- and stressor-related ASD and PTSD. PTSD; symptoms may not occur until 6 mo. or later after event, ASD; symptoms often occur immed, onset of symptoms, incl. dissociation, nightmares, and reliving the event.
Noting significant and relevant facts about the individual,
For example, whereas the DSM-IV used Axis I psychological professionals and other health-care providers.
The DSM-5, One international resource was released in 2013, is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition DSM-5 but it has not been without its share of controversy.
The DSM-5 different categories, or axes, the DSM-5 uses a single axis for all disorders, with provisions for also intellectual disability, and Axis III for medical diagnoses, the DSM-5 combines all of these disorders
The DSM-5 lists10 primary types of personality disorders across three basic categories; These categories are labeled Cluster A, Cluster B, and Cluster C respectively
Those in which the people are seen as odd or eccentric, Cluster A "Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizophrenia"--those in which the behavior of the person is very dramatic, emotional, or erratic--Cluster B "Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic"--and those in which the main emotion is anxiety or fearfulness, Cluster C "Avoidance, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive"
Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition,
two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, a sad, hopeless, or discourage worthlessness and diminished of interest pleasure and in almost all of life's usual activities; sleep disturbance; loss of appetite; loss of energy; and feelings of guilt
sexual dysfunctions included in the DSM-5 that may be caused by psychological stressors.
over performance of the sex act, depression, self-consciousness about one's body image, anxiety.
Cognitive symptoms may consist of worrying excessively about an exam, anxiety disorders includes disorders in which the most dominant anxiety disorder, the anxiety is either excessive,
greater than it should be given the exams, and is very prepared and still worries excessively about passing is showing an unrealistic amount of anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD
What disorder, experienced more than half of the time for a 6-month period, is described as being occasionally fearful, worrisome, or impatient and having sleep disturbances, poor concentration, hyperactivity, and an overall sense of autonomic hyperactivity?
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating (and a fear of not being able to stop eating) followed by purging. Binge-eating, This kind of thought process is another ex. of the cognitive distortion of all-or-nothing thinking
Binge-eating Disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
Philippe Pinal
In 1793, personally unchained the inmates (women), at the La Bicetre Asylum, in Paris, France. One of the first psychiatrists to recommend humane treatment of the mentally ill, kindness and guidance, known as moral treatment
The four traditional perspectives in the study of personality are the
psychodynamic behavioristic (including social cognitive theory), humanistic, and trait perspectives.
Humanism developed as a reaction against the
negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism.
Habits
in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic
Several researchers have arrived at five trait dimensions that have research support across cultures called the "Big Five or five-factor model"The five factors are:
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Personality neuroscience is a growing area of research,
and brain structure differences associated with some aspects of the Big Five dimensions of personality have been identified using structural MRI.
Humanism developed as
a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism.
symptoms of groupthink
Invulnerability, Rationalism, Lack of Introspection, Stereotyping, Pressure, Lack of disagreement, Self-deception, Insularity
acrophobia
fear of heights.
activation-information-mode model (AIM)
revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams.
activation-synthesis hypothesis
premise that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.
acute stress disorder (ASD)
a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to "relive" the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as 1 month following the event.
agoraphobia
fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible.
amphetamines
stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than being found in nature.
androgyny
describes a gender role characteristic of people whose personalities reflect the characteristics of both males and females, regardless of gender.
anorexia nervosa (anorexia)
a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs.
antianxiety drugs
drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers.
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression and anxiety.
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior.
antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
disorder in which a person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior.
anxiety disorders
disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness.
behavior modification
the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior; the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior (may also be referred to as applied behavior analysis).
behavior therapies
action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior.
benzodiazepines
drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress.
bilateral anterior cingulotomy
psychosurgical technique in which an electrode wire is inserted into the anterior cingulate gyrus, with guidance from magnetic resonance imaging, to destroy a very small portion of that brain area with electric current.
binge-eating disorder
a condition in which a person overeats, or binges, on enormous amounts of food at one sitting, but unlike bulimia nervosa, the individual does not then purge or use other unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain.
biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience
branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning.
biomedical therapies
therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain.
biopsychosocial model
perspective in which abnormal behavior is seen as the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences.
bipolar disorder
severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes.
borderline personality disorder (BLPD)
maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others.
bottom-up processing
the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception.
bulimia nervosa
a condition in which a person develops a cycle of "bingeing," or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain.
catatonia
disturbed behavior ranging from statue-like immobility to bursts of energetic, frantic movement, and talking.
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