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Biology 1 Chapters 1-4 Exam 1

Terms in this set (58)

What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
What are the subdomains of Eukarya?
Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi
All cells are enclosed within a ______?
membrane
What is a virus?
Just some DNA enclosed within a protein coat
What are the four essential elements for life?
CHON
What is electronegativity?
The ability of an element to attract electrons to itself.
What are the three types of bonding?
Covalent, Ionic, and Hydrogen
What are emergent properties?
New properties emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of biological order
What is reductionism?
Involves reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
What are the two characteristics of an ecosystem?
The carbon cycle and energy flow from the sun to producers to consumers, which is released as heat
What are the two main forms of cells?
Pro and Eukaryotic
What are chromosomes?
The substance of genes, which program the cell's production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspring
What are organisms (and everything else) made of?
Matter!
How many unique elements are there?
92
What is a compound?
A substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
What are the charges and symbols of the three subatomic particles?
Electron, e^-, Neutron, n^0, and Proton, p^+
What does the atomic number of an element represent? The mass number?
Atomic number = number of protons in the nucleus. Mass number = number of protons AND neutrons in the nucleus.
What is an isotope?
Different forms of the same element, only differing in the number of neutrons contained within the nucleus.
What is energy?
The capacity to do work/change.
When an electron moves from an inner to an outer electron shell, is energed absorbed or released?
Absorbed
What is an atomic orbital?
The 3d space where an electron is found almost all (90%) of the time.
What is chemical equilibrium?
When a forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.
What allows water to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules?
The polarity of the molecules.
What is cohesion? What is adhesion? What are these both caused by/?
The bonding of like molecules to neighboring like molecules. The bonding of like molecules to neighboring unlike molecules. Hydrogen bonding.
What is surface tension?
The measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid.
Why are some insects able to walk across water?
Because the hydrogen bonds that form on the surface of the water create a very strong surface tension, which allows insects with a small enough mass to "sit" on the surface of the water.
What is the specific heat of a substance?
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change temperature by 1C
Why does water have a high specific heat?
Because of the hydrogen bonding, which allows water to minimize temperature fluctuations.
Is heat absorbed or released when hydrogen bonds are broken? When they are formed?
Absorbed when broken, release when form.
What is the heat of vaporization?
The amount of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from a liquid into a gas.
Why is ice less dense than liquid water?
Because the hydrogen bonds in ice are more "ordered" than in liquid water, which causes cavities or holes in between the bonds, making ice less dense.
What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
What is a solute?
the substance that is dissolved in the solvent.
What is the solvent?
The dissolving agent of a solution, often water
What is a hydrophilic substance? Are they usually polar or nonpolar?
A substance that has an affinity for water. definitely polar.
What is a hydrophobic substance? Are they usually polar or nonpolar?
A substance that does not have an affinity to water, is repelled by water molecules. Nonpolar, like fats/oil. (hydrocarbons)
What does a mole represent?
An exact number of molecules of a substance in a given mass.
What is molarity? What symbol is molarity represented by?
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. M
What is the molecular weight of a substance?
The sum of atomic weight of all atoms in a molecule.
What ions does water dissociate into?
H+ (hydrogen) ions and OH- (hydroxide) ions
What is an acid? a base?
An acid increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. A base reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Acid precipitation has lowered the pH of a particular lake to 4. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of the lake? The hydroxide ion concentration?
H ion concentration = 1x10^-4, OH concentration = 1x10^-10
What is the "backbone" of biological molecules?
Carbon
What is the study of carbon compounds?
Organic Chemistry
Are carbon-only structures weak or strong?
Strong, eg. Diamond.
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
4
What are hydrocarbons?
Molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
What are isomers?
Molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structure/properties.
What are the three types of isomers?
Geometric, Structural, and Enantiomers
What is a characteristic of structural isomers? of geometric? of enantiomers?
Structural isomers exhibit branching. Geometric isomers can exhibit double bonds. Enantiomers exhibit chirality, or mirrored images.
What are functional groups?
The chemically reactive groups of atoms within an organic molecule.
What is a hydroxyl group? What are compounds that contain hydroxyl groups called?
An oxygen bonded to a hydrogen atom as well as a carbon. Structures that contain hydroxyl groups are called alcohols.

Structure: -C-OH
What is a carbonyl group? If the group is at the end of a molecule, what is it called? If it's in the middle what's the molecule called?
An oxygen double bonded to a carbon. If the group is at the end of a carbon skeleton, it is an aldehyde. If in the middle, it is a ketone.

Structure: -C=O
What is a carboxyl group?
Combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl group, a carbon bonded to a hydroxyl group and double bonded to an oxygen.

Structure: HO-C=O
What is an amino group?
A nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

Formula: NH2
What is a sulfhydryl group?
A sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.

Structure: -S-H
What is a phosphate group?
A phosphorous bonded to four oxygen atoms.

Structure: PO4
What is a methyl group?
A carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms.

Structure: CH3
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