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Anatomy & Physiology Terms

Terms in this set (139)

decreases S-A and A-V nodal activity; leads to heart rate decrease

Action potential

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane, low to high concentration

Active transport

transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient

Active transport, examples

Endocytosis, exocytosis, Pinocytosis

Adductor longus

Adducts and flexes thigh at the hip; assists in medial rotation

Adductor magnus

Adducts and extends thigh at the hip; assists in medial rotation

tiny air sacs within the lungs where gas exchange occurs between air & blood. One cell thick and located at the end of the bronchioles.

Angina pectoris

extreme chest pain caused by blockage (thrombus) of coronary arteries

largest artery in the body

between the left ventricle and the largest artery in the body

chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing using the air passage to narrow & causes shortness of breath

receive blood from lungs and body

Atrioventricular node

only normal conduction pathway between the atrial and ventricular syncytia

expandable extension of the atrium

group of fibers that receive impulse from the Atrioventricular node; also known as the bundle of His

long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron

detect changes in blood pressure

Flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip; belongs to the hamstring group

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

between left atrium and ventricle

Has ring of cartilage to keep pathway open, branches off trachea in a Y shape to take air into lungs

small tubes that branch off the bronchi that contain clusters of alveoli at each end.

inflammation & excess mucus production in the bronchi & bronchioles, caused by viral or bacterial infection or by chemical irritants (ex. smoke) - causes narrowing of the air passageways, making breathing & gas exchange difficult, leads to coughing

tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body

Cardiac conduction system

fibers of cardiac muscle tissue that distribute impulses over the entire heart

atrial systole/ventricular diastole, ventricular systole/atrial diastole, brief complete diastole

Chordae tendinae

fibers attached to the tricuspid valve which pull it closed when papillary muscles contract, preventing backwash of blood

The fine hair like projections from certain cells such as those in the respiratory tract that sweep in unison and help to sweep away fluids and particles

caused by viruses that mutate regularly- can be very serious for infants, elderly & those with other health complications

Coronary arteries

first two branches of the aorta; feed the heart

enlarged vein from junctions of coronary veins that empty into the right atrium

Coronary sulcus

groove that marks border between atria and ventricles

Coronary thrombosis

blood clot completely blocking a coronary artery, causes a heart attack

Corticosteroids

drug delivered directly to the lungs by an inhaler, stimulate air passages to increase in diameter

branching extensions of neuron that receives messages from neighboring neurons

a sheet of muscle that separates the organs of the chest cavity from those of the abdominal cavity. Moves up and down to aid in respiration.Flattens on contraction increasing the volume of thorax during inspiration.

relaxation of heart muscle

substances try to reach equilibrium, solutes will move randomly to try to spread out as evenly as possible

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle

obstructive pulmonary disease, overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange

inner layer of the heart wall consisting of epithelium and connective tissue as well as some specialized muscle tissue

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by in-folding (folds inward) of the cell membrane, remember, endo/into

layer that protects the heart by reducing friction

a flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the trachea when eating and opens to allow breathing and speaking

process by which a cell releases large amounts of material, remember, exo/exit

diaphragm relaxes & moves up into original dome shape. This decreases the chest volume & moves air out of the lungs

Extensor digitorum longus

Extends the lateral four toes; dorsiflexion of ankle and eversion of foot

External intercostals

Elevates the rib cage

External oblique

Compresses abdomen; laterally flexes and rotates vertebral column

Facilitated diffusion

the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins

Flexor digitorum longus

Flexes lateral four toes; plantar flexion and inversion of foot

Flexor hallucis longus

Flexes big toe; plantar flexion and inversion of foot

penetrates interatrial septum from fifth week of embryonic development until birth

small depression of site of prior foramen ovale

Functional syncytium

mass of merging cells that function as a unit

Plantar flexion of ankle

Gemellus inferior

Laterally rotates thigh at the hip

Gemellus superior

Laterally rotates thigh at the hip

Gluteus maximus

Extends and laterally rotates thigh; adducts the hip

Medially rotates thigh; abducts the hip

Gluteus minimus

Medially rotates thigh; abducts the hip

Adducts thigh at the hip and flexes leg at the knee; assists in medial rotation

Adducts thigh at the hip and flexes leg at the knee; assists in medial rotation

Heimlich maneuver

giving abdominal thrusts when choking, can't speak or breathe

specialized protein that carries oxygen on red blood cells

Flexes thigh at the hip

Iliocostalis group of erector spinae

Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column

diaphragm contracts, rib cage rises and increases the volume of the chest cavity, air rushes into the lungs

Interatrial septum

separates the two atria

Internal intercostals

Draws the ribs together and depresses rib cage

Internal oblique

Compresses abdomen; laterally flexes and rotates vertebral column

relay messages between sensory and motor neurons

Interventricular septum

separates the two ventricles

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

direction in which the heart points

Forms the floor of pelvic cavity; assists in defecation

Longissimus group of erector spinae

Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column

uncontrolled growth of cells in lung tissue Causes: smoking Treatment: chemo, surgery, radiation

two spongy organs that are large & sac-like in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage. Where external respiration happens

neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

a slimy substance produced in the nose and throat to moisten and protect them

a layer of fatty tissue encasing a neuron's axon that speeds transmission

Myocardial infarction

another name for heart attack

thick middle layer of the wall of the heart; composed of smooth, cardiac muscle

the cavity behind the nose and above the roof of the mouth that filters air and moves mucous and inhaled contaminants outward and away from the lungs.

Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

Obturator internus

Abducts and laterally rotates thigh at the hip

Organs of the respiratory system

Lungs, bronchi, trachea, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, nose

diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal

in an ECG corresponds to depolarization of the atrial fibers (leads to contraction

common name for S-A node

Papillary muscles

responsible for pulling the atrioventricular valves closed by means of the chordae tendineae

Parietal pericardium

separated from the epicardium by the pericardial cavity

Passive transport

transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion

Passive transport, examples

diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

Pectinate muscles

prominent muscular ridges along the inner surface of the auricle and across the adjacent anterior atrial wall

Adducts and flexes thigh at the hip

Pectoralis minor

Elevates 3rd-5th ribs during forced inspiration

layer that encloses the heart

Peroneus brevis

Plantar flexion and eversion of foot

Peroneus longus

Plantar flexion and eversion of foot; stabilizes the lateral ankle and arch of the foot

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid

Abducts and laterally rotates thigh at the hip

disease of lungs that results in fluid buildup in alveoli

Flexes thigh at the hip; flexes vertebral column

Pulmonary valve

link between right ventricle and artery extending from it

Purkinje fibers

extend from branches of A-V bundle; stimulate muscle fibers in the ventricular walls

in ECG corresponding to depolarization of ventricle membranes, much stronger!

Quadratus lumborum

Flexes lumbar region of vertebral column laterally to the same side; stabilizes and extends the lumbar vertebrae

Rectus abdominis

Compresses abdominal cavity and flexes vertebral column

Extends leg at the knee and flexes thigh at the hip; part of the quadriceps group

Respiratory system

system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs

Resting potential

the potential difference between the two sides of the membrane of a nerve cell when the cell is not conducting an impulse

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at the hip; flexes knee

Semilunar valves

pulmonary valve and aortic valve

Semimembranosus

Flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip; belongs to the hamstring group

Flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip; belongs to the hamstring group

Sensory Neurons

neurons that control the senses send impulse from sense organs to the spinal cord/brain

separates right and left sides of heart

Sinoatrial node

small, elongated mass of specialized cardiac muscle tissue just beneath the epicardium in the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava-starts impulses

air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity

Skeleton of the heart

rings of dense connective tissue surrounding the pulmonary trunk and aorta

chronic bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, and heart disease can be caused by this

Plantar flexion of ankle

Spinalis group of erector spinae

Extends vertebral column

contraction of heart muscle

in ECG last wave of cardiac cycle corresponding to repolarization

Tensor fasciae latae

Abducts, medially rotates, and flexes thigh; stabilizes the hips

Tibialis anterior

Dorsiflexion of foot at the ankle; inversion of foot

Trabeculae carneae

muscular ridges on the internal surface of the ventricles

The main air tube leading into the respiratory system. The trachea is made of alternating rings of cartilage and connective tissue.

Transversus abdominis

Constricts abdomen and supports abdominal viscera

Tricuspid valve

between right atrium and ventricle

Vastus lateralis

Extends leg at the knee; part of the quadriceps group

Vastus medialis

Extends leg at the knee; part of the quadriceps group

receive blood from atria and force into body

Visceral pericardium

layer also known as the epicardium

deflection in a ECG

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