Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

TAMU OCNG 251 Gardner Ch 13

Terms in this set (67)

the rate at organisms store energy through the formation of organic matter, using energy derived during photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
primary productivity
___ uses solar radiation (sunlight), while ___ uses chemical reactions
photosynthesis, chemosynthesis
99.9% of marine life relies directly or indirectly on ___ for food
photosynthesis
the mass of living organism
biomass
the chemical reaction that stores solar energy in organic molecules
photosynthesis
photosynthesis's chemical reaction uses ___ and ___ (with a light energy input) to make ___ and ___
water, carbon dioxide, sugar, oxygen
respiration's chemical reaction uses ___ and ___ to make ___ and ___ (releasing heat energy)
sugar, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide
primary productivity can be measured by capturing ___, ___ measurement, or assessing the ___ color
plankton (with plankton nets), isotope, ocean (chlorophyll colors the seawater)
The SeaWiFS has a sensor on the satellite for...
ocean color
factors affecting primary productivity: (3)
nutrients (can limit growth if limited), sunlight (light limited), water and CO2 (abundant everywhere)
most nutrients in the ocean originate from ___ runoff
river
___ brings in nutrients from below
upwelling
productivity is ___ along continental margins
high
surface to above 100 m deep
euphotic zone
___ wavelengths penetrate the deepest, while ___ wavelengths are the first to be absorbed
blue, red
dissolved O2 minimum layer about ___-___ m, then O2 ___ with depth
700, 1000, increases
nutrient ___ and O2 ___ are at about the same depth
maximum, minimum
high primary productivity in ___ areas
upwelling (from beneath the euphotic zone to the euphotic zone)
___% of nutrients from upwelling immediately reutilized, while ___% leaves the surface
90, 10
cooler, deeper water has ___ nutrients, while areas of coastal upwelling have ___ productivity
more, higher
color of ocean ranges from deep ___ to ___
blue, yellow-green
the factors affecting the color of the ocean depends on ___ from runoff (close to lang) and ___ (anywhere)
turbidity, chlorophyll
much algae --> yellow-green light scattered
eutrophic
no production --> blue light scattered
oligotrophic
___ produces food for 99% of marine animals; considered the "grass" of the ocean
microscopic algae
microscopic algae is mostly ___
planktonic
algae; tests of silica
diatoms
algae; plates of calcium carbonate
coccolithophores
possess flagella for locomotion; rarely important geologically
dinoflagellates
when dinoflagellates exist in such great abundance that they color surface waters, killing fish and giving human illness
red tides
extremely small, but abundant - no hard parts; may be responsible for half of total photosynthetic biomass in oceans
photosynthetic bacteria
CO2 diffuses across air-sea boundary, in some areas (with upwelling), CO2 released into atmosphere, while in other areas, CO2 diffused from atmosphere into ocean
solubility pump
CO2 fixed during photosynthesis by ___, which is then transferred to below mixed layer
phytoplankton
the way in which material is removed from the euphotic zone to the sea floor is called a ___ ___, bringing carbon dioxide from the upper ocean and concentrates them in deep-sea waters and sea floor sediments
biological pump
types of plankton affect the ___ and ___ ___ of particles
composition, sinking rates
returns carbon and nutrients to dissolved forms
remineralization
regional primary productivity varies from very low to very high depending on the distribution of ___ and seasonal changes in ___
nutrients, sunlight
when biomass increases
bloom
___% of surface biomass decomposed in surface water, ___% sinks to deeper ocean, and ___% organic reaches deep sea floor
90, 10, 1
tropical oceans have a permanent ___, lack of ___ in surface waters, and ___ primary productivity in areas of equatorial upwelling and coastal upwelling
thermocline, nutrients, high
equatorial upwelling (picture)
coastal upwelling (picture)
during ___ production, carbon is photosynthesized
primary
during ___ production, photosynthesized carbon is consumed by zooplankton
secondary
depth at which production = respiration
compensation depth
seasonal productivity accompanied with darkness in winter, and long summer days
polar
seasonal productivity with highly seasonal availability of nutrients and light
temperate
seasonal productivity where nutrients are limited, except in upwelling and coastal regions
tropical
group of organisms that live together in a certain environment
ecosystem
organisms that can nourish themselves through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are considered..
autotrophic
category of organisms in an ecosystem that are autotrophic by photosynthesis
producers
organisms that depend either directly or indirectly on the organic compounds produced by autotrophs for their food supply are considered..
heterotrophic
category of organisms in an ecosystem that are heterotrophic
consumers
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and bacteriovores are examples of..
consumers
category of organism that are heterotrophic and break down dead organisms or waste products
decomposers
photosynthesis ___ organic matter
creates
a sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred
food chain
feeding relationships that are mingled with a number of different animals (not just a straight one-way sequence)
food web
___ energy is transferred from producers to consumers
chemical
each feeding stage (i.e. herbivore eaten by carnivore [1 stage], which in turn are eaten by another population of larger carnivores [another stage], and so on)
trophic level
only about ___% of energy (carbon) is transferred from one trophic level to the next
10
number of individuals and total biomass ___ at successive trophic levels
decrease
there needs to be much ___ biomass from primary production
biomass (to support the upper level consumers)
most fish in commercial fishing from
coastal waters
occurs when harvesting of fish stocks takes place so rapidly that the majority of the population is sexually immature and is therefore unable to reproduce
overfishing
the organized effort directed at regulating fishing activity with the foal of maintaining a long-term fishery
fisheries management
the catch of a species dropping by 90%
collapse
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...