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Biology Spring Final

Terms in this set (164)

Bone cells reproduce using
Mitosis
Egg/sperm cells reproduce using
Meiosis
Why would a cell choose to reproduce using mitosis? What is the benefit?
It makes exact copies
Why would a cell choose to reproduce using meiosis? What is the benefit?
It allows for genetic variation
Reproductive cells are called
Gametes
There are two places in division that cause genetic variation they are what?
Prophase 1 (crossing over the homologous pairs match up and exchange genetic info) and metaphase 1/ anaphase 1 independent assortment ( crossing over the moms and dads chromosomes move apart and it doesn't matter the directing they go they always create a different variation)
During which phase will the homologous chromosomes split apart from each other?
Anaphase 1
During which phase will the individual chromatids split apart from each other?
Anaphase 2
During which phase will you have one cell with two nuclei ?
Telophase 1
Natural selection is the process by which
Organisms with traits well-suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than organisms less suited for the same environment
When evolution occurs at a slow, constant rate, it is known as
Gradualism
When evolution occurs very quickly in a short period of time, and then those changes remain stable for a period of time, we call it:
Punctuated equilibrium
Evidence for evolution includes all of the following EXECPT
Punctuated sedimentation
Homologous structures in organisms suggest that organisms
are related in the evolutionary tree
Populations of the same species living in different places
Become increasingly different as each becomes adapted to its own environment
The change in frequency of a particular gene in a population, in one direction (like the beaks of the finch after the drought or flood) is best described as
Directional selection
During which phase will you have two cells with one chromosome from each homologous pair in each cell?
Prophase 2
In MITOSIS we create 2 cells that are genetically identical. In MEIOSIS we create 4 cells that are genetically unique
...
Body cells are called what?
Somatic cells
A cell that has half the DNA of the original body/somatic cell cells is called
Haploid
A cell that has a complete set of DNA, or a normal body cell is called
Diploid
See pictures question 11
Box A contains DNA that could be described as (chromatids, chromosomes, and a homologous pair) representing (a single copy of DNA). Box B contains DNA that could be described as (chromosomes and a homologous pair) representing (duplicated DNA)
Punnett squares help us determine
Probabilities for offspring
In traditional Mendelian genetics, the only time you will see a recessive trait is when...
The individual inherits two recessive alleles
In pea plants, choosing a pure tall plant (TT) and a short plant (tt) produces all tall offspring, what type of inheritance is this ?
Traditional dominance
Homozygous = same alleles
Example TT
Heterozygous = different alleles
Example Tt
In flowers a red snapdragon crossed with a white snap dragon produces pink flowers. What type of inheritance is this ?
Incomplete dominance
In humans, normal blood clotting is dominant and hemophilia is recessive. This gene is carried only on the X chromosome. What type of inheritance is this ?
Sex linked
In chickens, crossing a black and white chicken results in speckled babies, what kind of inheritance is this ?
Codominance
Chromosomes in your body
Answer (all are possible) form as the cell begins dividing, each can contain thousands of genes, and exist in 23 pairs in all cells except gametes
See camera roll for chromosome picture
This image is a KARYOTYPE. This image is used to learn about NUMBER AND STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOMES IN BODY/SOMATIC CELLS. 46 chromosomes are present. The baby is/will be a MALE.
In humans the male determines the sex of the child because the males have...
One X and one Y chromosome
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes containing genes that code for ...
The SAME traits
What's the major difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Meiosis produces 4 haploid cells, whereas mitosis produces 2 diploid cells
Gametes must be haploid because...
Two gametes will unite during fertilization to create a diploid zygote
See camera roll....
The diagram the depicts a cell at the beginning of meiosis is D. The diagram the depicts a cell at the end of meiosis 1 is E. The diagram the depicts a cell at the end of meiosis 2 is A
2 gametes containing 20 chromosomes fuse during fertilization how many chromosomes will the zygote contain ?
40
What is the MAJOR advantage for sexually reproducing organisms over asexually reproducing organism?
Genetic variation
See camera roll..
Answers (CROSSING OVER, PROPHASE 1, ALLOWS FOR GENETIC VARIATION)
Phase in which pairs of homologous chromosomes line up along the equator (middle) of the cell.
Metaphase 1
Phase in which sister chromatids move to opposite polls of the cell.
Anaphase 2
Phase in which homologous chromosomes separate, and the chromosomes from each pair are pulled to opposite sides of the cell.
Anaphase 1
Phase in which the individual chromosomes align at the equator (middle) of the cell; each chromosome is made of two sister chromatids.
Metaphase 2
Different versions of a gene are called
Alleles
Gene C controls black fur pigmentation in rabbits. Himalayan rabbits have a mutation - the enzyme producing the black pigment is heat sensitive and only active in cells less than 100°F. Rabbits have a normal body temp of 102°F, so, black fur only grows on their extremities (ears and nose) where the cell temp is cooler. The body remains white because it is warmer.

When the air temperature is lower than 75°F, the rabbit has a black nose, ears, tail and feet with a white body. What would the phenotype be of a Himalayan rabbit raised at 90° F or warmer?
White
Punnet Squares are used to show
Possible offspring genothpes and phenotypes
A plant with thick seed coats is crossed with a plant with thin seed coats. All of the offspring have thin seed coats. This probably means that...
The allele for thin coats is dominant over the allele for thick coats
If two parents with dominant phenotypes produce an offspring with a recessive phenotype, then...
Both parents are heterozygous
Check camera roll for mice question
...
Henry received a black guinea pig as a pet. He knew that black fur was a dominant trait and that white fur was recessive. He didn't know if his guinea pig was homozygous dominant black (BB) or heterozygous black (Bb), so he decided to breed it with a pure white guinea pig (bb). Of the seven offspring born, four were black and three were white.
All answers are false
A cross between a heterozygous individual for a trait and in homozygous recessive individual for a trait will probably produce offspring with
Two different phenotypes
An example of co-dominance is
AB blood
When one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes it is called
Polygenic inheritance
Human blood groups are not an example of
Polygenic inheritance
_____ is an example of polygenic inheritance
Skin pigmentation
Unable to determine =
XHX-
What did scientists believe was the original code for life?
Protein
In what year was DNA discovered?
1953
Who was given the Nobel Prize in Physiology for the discovery of DNA?
Watson, Crick, Wilkins
Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of
Nucleotides
_____is not one of the three components of nucleotides. _______ _______ is not one of the components of the nucleic acid backbone.
Fatty acids, and nitrogen base
What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA?
To connect the organic bases
Remember ....
AT and CG
What sequence of bases would be complementary to AGCTTGGTC?
TCGAACCAG
The instructions for making proteins are found in the order of
Organic bases
"Junk DNA" is exons.
False
Which scientist(s) are credited with discovering that DNA is a double helix?
Watson and Crick
What had to occur before they were able to do this?
Answer (all of these) Meischer identifies "nuclein" (later named DNA) in puss/white blood cells, Franklin had to photograph X-Ray images of DNA , Chargaff determined that the amounts of A & T were always equal, and the amounts of C & G were always equal
What is the relationship among DNA, a gene, and a chromosome?
A chromosome contains hundreds of genes, which are composed of DNA.
Check camera roll for RNA and DNA comparison
!!
The main building block for all nucleic acids is:
Nucleotides
If the DNA of a certain organism has guanine as 30% of its bases, then what percentage of its bases are adenine?
20% since c and g go together that makes 60% and you have to split the 40% between a and t
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the genetic information in the cells of your body?
The genetic information in almost all of your body cells is identical. (ASK)
Suppose a scientist working on a new drug for cancer developed a chemical that irreversibly breaks the hydrogen bonds in the DNA molecules within cancerous cells but leaves all of the covalent bonds intact. Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak compared to covalent bonds, and they are routinely broken and reformed as the DNA molecule is replicated in a normal cell. Their stability is nonetheless critical for maintaining certain aspects of the structure and function of the DNA molecule. Based on this scenario and your knowledge of DNA, how would this newly discovered chemical affect the "molecule of heredity" in a human cancer cell?
It would break the two strands of the DNA molecule apart, preventing it from functioning normally.
Which mutation would be most likely to have a catastrophic effect?
a base deletion near the start of the coding sequence
The sequence of nitrogen bases on one strand of DNA could determine all of the following EXCEPT the sequence of:
ribose and phosphate molecules in tRNA
All of the following are benefits of sequencing the human genome EXCEPT:
every genetic disorder is now curable or preventable.
Benefits of the human genome
better comparisons can be made between human genetics and the genetics of other organisms, genes were discovered whose functions were previously unknown, and the number of genetic disorders that can be diagnosed has increased.
Which DNA characteristics are unique to each individual person?
sequence of DNA bases
What DNA sequence is complementary to A-A-C-G-T-T-G?
T-T-G-C-A-A-C
When does DNA replicate?
S phase
Why must DNA replicate?
to ensure new cells have a full set of instructions
If a bacterial protein is made from 30 amino acids, how many nucleotides are needed to code for its production?
90
DNA replication results in two DNA molecules
each with one new strand and one original strand
Transcription happens where
Nucleus
Translation happens where
Ribosomes
Structure A is

Structure B is

Structure C is

There are ___ codons on the mRNA strand

Structure B will form peptide bonds between each and eventually form a _____ ________
Answer 1:
tRNA
Answer 2:
amino acid
Answer 3:
mRNA
Answer 4:
5
Answer 5:
poypeptide chain
If the sequence of bases in a section of DNA is TAGGCTAA, what is the corresponding sequence of mRNA bases?
AUCCGAUU
A gene can be mutated with no resulting functional change in the protein that is produced from that gene if:
a codon has changed, but it codes for the same amino acid as the original codon.
What determines which proteins are produced by a cell
the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA
Which of the following shows the correct sequence of how proteins are formed?
DNA -> mRNA -> protein
What determines the sequence of mRNA?
DNA
A strand of DNA with the sequence AAC AAG CCC undergoes a mutation, and the first A is changed to C.
How will this specific mutation affect the amino acid sequence?
What kind of mutation is this?
1.) one amino acid will change in this protein
2.) substitution
Which of the following is true about why living organisms need to make proteins?
Answer: all are true about proteins
The following cell structures are located within the cells that make proteins. Which description best explains the relationship among these cell structures in making a protein?

Nucleus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
DNA in nucleus codes for protein -> proteins are assembled in ribosomes and moves to ER -> ER processes and packages the proteins
What is evolution?
The genetic change of a POPULATION over time
Who helped to build our current understanding of evolution?
Answer (all of these) Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel, and Watson and Crick
What are the main causes of evolutionary change?
Gene flow, mutations, and no random mating
The finch on the Galapagos Islands, first noticed by Darwin and studied since, are excellent examples of
Natural selection
The color variations in the rock pocket mice were caused by
Random mutations
Which process could the rock pocket mice demonstrate or model?
Answer (all of these) natural selection, convergent evolution, and co evolution
Which of these is most accurate when describing natural selection?
some variations allow individuals to survive and reproduce better, increasing the allele frequency
How are the ages of rocks/fossils/the earth determined?
Answer (all of these)

determining the rock layer a fossil is found in
law of superposition
radiometric/carbon dating
measuring the isotopes found in the substance
Evolution can be defined as:
a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time
The theory of natural selection states that:
the individuals best suited to their environments will survive and reproduce the best, contributing the most genes to future generations
A man spends his lifetime perfecting his painting skills. He helps his daughter paint as well. He expects his grandson will be a world-famous painter. His thoughts follow the theory proposed by
Lamarck
The idea that Earth's present landscape is due to geologic processes and events which can help us determine the age of the Earth and it's layers was proposed by
Lyell
wrote about how organisms were similar but different, and how nature could change these characteristics/populations through natural selection.
Darwin
Boa constrictors and whales have pelvic bones, even though they have no hind legs. These structures are nonfunctional "evolutionary baggage" called:
vestigial structures
The bones in our arm are structurally the same as the bones in the wing of bats and birds, in the legs of dogs, and in the fins of dolphins. This can be used as evidence of an evolutionary relationship and are called:
Homologous structures
The amino acid sequences of human and bonobo hemoglobin are almost identical, yet they differ considerably from the sequences of wolf hemoglobin. This indicates that:
bonobos are more closely related to humans than to wolves
Most commercial pesticides are only effective for 2-3 years because:
the pests with mutations that provide immunity will survive and reproduce
The average weight of a human baby is around 7 lbs. Most babies are close to that weight. Babies that are much smaller or much bigger are more likely to have health issues.

This is an example of
Stabilizing selection
When analyzing fossils, what does a break in the fossil record (a type of fossil was found for a period/several layers, then not for a period/layer, then found again in later periods/layers) mean for that organism?
We just haven't found those fossils
Why do many scientists believe we are entering a 6th mass extinction?
Answer (all of these)
about 1/3 of organisms on earth (we study) are threatened/endangered
we have killed off about 1/2 of the living individuals on earth
the current extinction rate is much higher than the normal/expected extinction rate
Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
An aloe vera plant species possessing a trait for extra thick leaves survives a long drought in a desert, and an aloe vera species that has thinner leaves does not.
Which of the following is an example of adaptive radiation?
One group of finch arrived on the galapagos islands long ago, and have since developed into 13 species adapted to the separate island environments.
Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?
There are many different dark colored rock pocket mice groups living on different lava flows throughout the southwest US. They all look similar, but have different mutations that caused the dark fur.
Which of the following can evolve?
Populations
What evidence do we have to support a meteor hitting Earth off the coast of Mexico?
Answer (all of these)
bullseye ridges seen with satelite and/or sonar
fragments of limestone found around the world in the same layer/time frame
compressed rock with broken crystal structure at the sight of impact
all of these
How did the meteor cause mass extinction?
Answer (all of these)
first extreme cold, then extreme heat because of the smoke and changes in the atmospheric gasses
all of these
rock/debris falling back to Earth started wide-spread forest fires
lack of sun caused most plants to die off
Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Spaghetti
domain, kindom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What do we use to name/classify organisms?
Binomial nomenclature
two name naming system created by Karl lenneus
Binomial nomenclature
The domain consists of what?
Eubacteria & archae & eukarea
Start with domain and work your way up
...
dichotomous key
a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world
Know how to use dichotomous key
...
Modern day naming
Genus (Kylee) species (Kylee Scott)
True or false
Two species can have the same name
Kindom in more inclusive than species
Inclusive means containing multiple parts of a whole
facultative anaerobes
When a bacteria prefers to grow in oxygen, but can grow without it
Order of phylums (PPNMAAEC)
Proifera, Cnideria, Platyhelminthes, Nemotodes, Molluska, Annelida, Arthropoda, Encinodemata, and Chordata
What is the largest most successful phylum ?
Arthropods
The phylum Chordata has what four things?
Notochord (structure that aids in development, a dorsal hollow nerve chord, post anal tail, and pharyngeal slits (develops into the air structures)
What are the three classes of Chordates (UCV)
Urochordata, Cephalochodata, and Vertebrata
What does deuteo mean
Mouth develops after anus
What are the key characteristics of Arthropods
Bodies have more than 2 cell layers, have an external skeleton, respiratory system, they are invertebrates (no backbone), and have an open circulatory system,
What is a trilobite
Extinct marine arthropod, we get excited when we find their fossils because we can start to piece together the fossil record. They can live anywhere and everywhere.
What the Arthropods evolutionary links ?
Paired and jointed appendages (limbs), and their open circulatory system
What are two characteristics of Annelida ?
Segmented body and closed circulatory system. Some examples are the black wriggler worm , plume worm, rag worm, and the medicinal leech
What was the first phylum to have a closed circulatory system and to be segmented?
Annelida
What was the first phylum to have an epidemis?
Nemotoda
What are the three classes of Annelids?
Oligochaeta (aquatic and terrestrial worms, Hirudinea (invertebrates parasites, and polychaete which make up 2/3 of the Annelids
What are the key characteristics of Molluska ?
Soft body (visceral mass), hard exoskeleton, and Radula (hairs on tongue that help digest food), ganglia (simple nerve system)
What are the key characteristics of Nemotodes ?
Thread like non segmented bodies, simple digestive system, protective cuticle (epidermis), can live anywhere
Evolutionary links of Nemotodes ?
Complete digestive system/tract, body cavity filled with fluid, somewhat distinctive head, bilaterally symmetrical
Examples of Nemotodes
Pin worm, whip worm, and intestinal roundworm
Examples of Arthropods
Garden Orb Weaving spider, blue swimmer crab, albino scorpion, giant red headed centipede
Examples of Chordates
Red howler monkey, ink spot sea squirt, discus fish, humans, and peacock
What are evolutionary links of Platyhelminthes?
Central nervous system (jellyfish) gastrovascular cavity (coral)
What are the key characteristics of Platyhelminthes ?
Bilaterally symmetrical, hermaphrodites (both sexes), have a blind gut (one opening in body both mouth and anus)
Examples of Platyhelminthes
Flatworm, tapeworm, hook worm
What are the key characteristics of Cnideria ?
Radially symmetrical, tentacles and nematocysts(stinging tentacles)
What are the two forms of Cnideria ?
Medusa (mobile tentacles down), and polyp tentacles up non mobile
Examples of Cnideria ?
Jellyfish, fire coral, lions mane jelly
What does sessile mean?
Attached to surface (non mobile)
Proifera are made up of what ?
Calcium carbonate/protein example (sea sponge)
Key characteristics of Proifera
No tissues/organs, asymmetrical, perforated interior wall, sessile
What's another name for glass sponges?
Hexactinellida
What are the evolutionary links of Chordates?
Bone structure, deutrostomes, and me ironic development
Deutrostomes
Anus developed first
"Cellbolism"
Endosymbiosis
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