EOG Review 8th Grade Science NC

Terms in this set (183)

Anything that has mass and takes up spce

The smallest unit of an element composed of a specific number of protons, neutrons and electrons

Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

A subatomic particle with a neutral (no) charge, that can be found in the nucleus of an atom

A negatively charged subatomic particle found in the shells surrounding the nucleus of an atom

The center of the atom, composing most of the atoms mass, and containing protons and neutrons

Orbital pathways surrounding the nucleus of the atom on which electrons travel; composes most of atoms volume

An organized chart of all the known elements arranged horizontally by increasing atomic number (protons) and vertically by similar chemical properties

The top number of an element box that indicates the number of protons (also electrons) in an atom

The bottom number in an element box, can be subtracted by the atomic number to calculate the number of neutrons

Chemical symbol

1-3 letter used to identify an element in chemical formulas and equations

Horizontal rows on the periodic table indicating the number of electron shells

Also called families, the vertical columns on the periodic tables that indicated shared chemical properties and the number of valence electrons

Valence electrons

The electrons in the outermost shells that can be shared or exchanged to form bonds

Non reactive elements found on the far left of the periodic table, containing a full outer shell of electrons

To the left of the stair step line, they are typically shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, and ductile

To the right of the stair step line, many are gases, solids are brittle. Poor conductors. Not malleable or ductile.

On the stair step line. Semi conductors, share properties of metals and nonmetals.

Transition Metals

Found in the center of the periodic table. Groups 3-12.

Pure substances with unique properties that are composed of the same type of atom, and cannot be broken down into a more simple substance.

Pure substance composed of one type of molecule that is a combination of 2 or more elements that are chemically combined. Has its own unique properties.

A physical combination of two or more substances

Homogeneous mixture

Also called a solution, particles are evenly distributed throughout.

Heterogeneous mixture

Particles are easily distinguishable, and in a liquid larger particles settle out. Suspensions are an example.

Physical property

A property of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Can be used to describe or identify.

The ability to be rolled or pounded into thin sheets

The ability to be pulled into a wire

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature by 1 degree Celsius. Low SH, temp increase quickly. High SH, temp increases slowly.

The ratio of mass to volume. Calculated by D=m/v. Can be used to identify matter.

Examples of physical properties

Color, odor, mass, density, specific heat, malleability, ductility, conductivity, melting point, boiling point, magnetism.

Chemical property

Describes a substances ability to undergo a chemical reaction.

Examples of chemical properties

Flammability, reactivity with water/oxygen/acid/base

Physical change

A change in matter, in relation to the physical properties, that does not alter the chemical composition

Examples of physical changes

Melting butter, tearing paper, crushing a can, freezing water, dissolving koolaid, cutting your hair.

The ability of a substance (solute) to dissolve into another substance (solvent)

Chemical change

A change in matter through a chemical reaction in which a new substance(s) is created, which has new properties

Examples of chemical changes

Copper reacts with oxygen and turns green, dying your hair, baking bread

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter is not created or destroyed, only transformed. The amount of reactants will equal the amount of the products.

Most reactive elements

Alkali metals (group 1), halogens (group 17)

Substances that undergo a chemical reaction, found on the left side of a chemical equation

Substances formed from a chemical reaction, found on the right side of the chemical equation

A chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen (cellular respiration is an oxidation reaction)

Eating a balanced diet with a proper proportion of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates

Used for growth and repair

Examples of food containing protein

Meat (lean meat -white- is best), fish, seeds, nuts, beans, eggs

Also called fats, stored energy

Composed of glucose (sugar), they are the bodies primary source of energy

Examples of foods containing carbohydrates

Fruits and vegetables

Single called organisms lacking a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Multicellular organisms with membrane bound organelles and a true nucleus

Examples of prokaryotes

Bacteria, some Protists

Examples of eukaryotes

Plants, animals

The site of cellular respiration, when glucose if oxidized to release energy in the form of ATP

Containing the DNA or eukaryotic cells, it controls cell functions

Generate proteins for cells

A semipermeable membrane that controls what enters and exits the cell

Filled with chlorophyll, a green pigment, it is the site of photosynthesis where producers generate glucose using water, carbon dioxide, and the energy of the sun

A cell process in producers (autotrophs) where the energy of the sun is used to react water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose (sugar) as food. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.

Photosynthesis Equation

Sunlight + carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

Cellular respiration

A chemical process in ALL living organisms where glucose (sugar) is oxidized to release energy as ATP. Water and carbon dioxide are byproducts. Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and cytoplasm of prokaryotes.

Cellular respiration equation

Glucose + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide + ATP

A microscopic agent that can causes disease

A single-celled (prokaryotic) microbes, 3 shapes

A process of reproduction for bacteria that is similar to mitosis. Can occur as often as every thirty minutes, and is best in warm, moist environments

A treatment for a bacterial infection, slows or stops the reproduction of the bacteria

5 Signs of a Chemical Rxn

1. Change in color, 2. Change in odor 3. Release of energy as light/heat/sound 4. Formation of a gas (bubbling/fizzing) 5. formation of a precipitate

Precipitate Rxn

A solid formed when mixing two liquid solutions

A non-living particle consisting of a nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coating, 4 shapes, requires a host for survival and reproduction

Examples of bacterial diseases

Strep throat, pneumonia, leprosy, tuberculosis, Lyme disease

A method of preventing a viral disease

Examples of viral diseases

Influenza (flu), common cold, chickenpox. measles, AIDS, yellow fever

A eukaryotic organism that obtains nutrition through its environment or by acting as a parasite

One method of fungal reproduction

Examples of fungal disease

Athletes foot, ring worm, candida

An organism that uses a host for nutrition or habitat, but does not destroy the host because of its dependency on the organism

Examples of parasitic disease

Amoebic dysentery, malaria, African sleeping sickness

An organism that transmits a disease (mosquito, fly, tick, flea)

An organism that passes a disease without showing signs or symptoms (HPV or HIV)

Local/regional spread of disease

Worldwide spread of disease, greatly increased by ease of world travel

Use and manipulation of cells, genes or proteins to solve problems

Genetic Modification

makes changes in the genetic material of an organism, often to obtain a desired trait

producing an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another, ex: Dolly the sheep

includes all of the living and nonliving parts of an environment, as well as the interactions among them

the living parts of an ecosystem

Examples of Biotic Factors

plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, parasites

Abiotic Factors

the nonliving parts of an ecosystem

Examples of Abiotic Factors

light, temperature, weather, soil, water

the place where an organism lives

an organisms role within the ecosystem

a group of organisms that share most characteristics and can breed with one another

all of the organisms of a species that live in the same place at the same time

all of Earth's land, water and the lower part of the atmosphere

Autotrophs (producers)

an organisms that produces its own food through the process of photosynthesis

Heterotrophs (consumers)

organisms that cannot make their own food, and must obtain nutrition by eating other organisms

an organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms and the wastes of living things

A network of interconnected food chains showing the flow of energy through the ecosystem

carbon moves through the air, ground and plants and animals within the ecosystem

Way carbon is removed from the environment

Ways carbon is released into the environment

burning of fossil fuels, cellular respiration, death/decay

nitrogen, used by living things to produce proteins, is recycled within the ecosystem

Nitrogen Fixation

the process of turning nitrogen gas into usable compounds, performed by bacteria or lightning

Denitrification

the process of splitting nitrogen compounds, and releasing nitrogen gas into the atmosphere, performed by bacteria

continuous movement of Earth's water between Earth's surface and it's atmosphere

process by which liquid water is heated and changes to a gas, rising into the atmosphere

water vapor is released through tiny openings in plant leaves

as water vapor in the atmosphere cools it changes into a liquid

water falls to the Earth's surface as rain, snow, sleet or hail

Percolation/Infiltration

water soaks into the ground and collects in underground layers of permeable, sedimentary rock called an aquifer

water runs downhill to the lowest elevation and collects in a body of water

organisms in an ecosystem rely on, and try to get, the same resources

organisms live in the same habitat, but rely on different resources

helpful interactions among organisms within the same ecosystem

a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit

a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not helped or harmed

a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another

an area where fresh water from a river meets the salt water of the ocean forming brackish water

areas of land that drain into smaller rivers, lakes or streams that lead to a river within a river basin

all the land, and its tributaries, in which water drains to the lowest point forming a river

the measure of dissolved salts in water

cold, nutrient-rich water is brought up from the ocean floor, increasing the growth of producers, which attracts aquatic organisms

process in which bacteria use the chemicals released by vents or seeps to produce glucose without sunglight in the deep ocean

area of the open ocean where free swimming creatures live, supported by phytoplankton living at the ocean surface

intertidal zone

area where ocean meets land, organisms survive tides, waves and currents

area where ocean floor slopes, home to coral, sea turtles, colorful fish

area of the deep ocean, extreme pressure, low temperature, no sunlight

free-floating producers of the ocean, that use photosynthesis to make food, produce the majority of the worlds oxygen

free-swimming organisms of the ocean

organisms that live on or in the ocean floor

organisms that live in the deep ocean and survive extreme pressures, toxic chemicals, low temperatures, and perpetual darkness

point-source pollution

pollution whose source can be identified, ex: oil spills, sewage leaks

nonpoint-source pollution

pollution whose source cannot be identified, ex: runoff

indicators of water quality

1. temperature 2. dissolved oxygen 3. nitrates 4. pH 5. turbidity 6. bioindicators

a measure of the amount of sediment suspended in water (dirty), raises water temperature which decreases DO

from fertilizer runoff and animal waste, used by aquatic organisms to build proteins, excessive nitrates cause overgrowth of algae, which raises water temperature and decreases DO

a measure of how acidic/basic (alkaline) a substance is, 7 is neutral, 0-6.9 is acidic, 7.1-14 is basic

collecting, counting and categorizing living organisms (plants/animals/etc) to determine the health of a water system, the more diversity the more healthy

tectonic plates

large pieces of the Earth's lithosphere move in many directions, driven by convection currents

Theory of Continental Drift

belief that a single landmass, called Pangea, once existed, then broke into pieces forming the continents that have drifted to their present day locations

support for continental drift

sea-floor spreading, tectonic plate movement, fossils found in the same rock layer on multiple continents, glacial deposits, ice cores

drilling of ice from arctic regions to study climate, weather, precipitation, and trapped atmospheric gases

area where two tectonic plates push together, if the same type of crust it will form folded mountains, if opposite types of crust it will form a subduction zone

area where two tectonic plates pull apart, forms the mid-ocean ridge, causes sea-floor spreading

area where two tectonic plates slide past each other, causes earthquakes

a break in the crust in which one piece slides relative to the other

molten rock rises into open space in sedimentary rock layers and cools

area of volcanic activity in the middle of a tectonic plate

sedimentary rock

forms when sediment is laid down in layers and the compacts and cements together

forms when melted rock cools and hardens

metamorphic rock

forms when existing rock undergoes extreme heat and pressure

preserved remains or evidence of organisms from the distant past

absolute dating

any method for determining the exact age of a preserved organism or rock layer

radiometric dating

the use of isotopes, and calculation of decay, to measure the age of a preserved organism or rock layer based on half-life

the most common half-life measurement, used to date living organisms

relative dating

any method of determining if an event or object is older than another

Law of Superposition

states that the oldest sedimentary rock layers will always be on the bottom unless they have been disturbed by geologic forces

a fossil of a commonly found, widely distributed organism that lived in a specific time period, used for relative dating

ammonites and trilobites

most common index fossils

transitional fossil

a fossilized organism that shows a link between a present species and an ancestral species

geologic time scale

a timeline that organizes major events of Earth's history

the earliest eon of geologic time Bacteria appear

the process by which a species changes over time

a trait that helps an organisms survive in a given environment, ex: white fur of a fox in the arctic

differences that exist naturally among a species, ex: humans have different eye colors

a change in a gene or chromosome that can cause a genetic variation that gives the offspring a trait different from either parent organism

natural selection

the process by which organisms best suited for the environment survive and reproduce

homologous structures

body parts with a similar structure but a different function

analagous structures

body parts with a similar function, but different structures

vestigial structures

body part that no longer has a useful function in an organism

the systematic grouping of organisms based on shared characteristics

Levels of classification

domain -> kingdom -> phylum -> class -> order -> family -> genus -> species

the ability to make things move or change, the ability to do work

energy transfer

energy moves from one place to another

energy transformation

energy changes from on form to another

nonrenewable energy source

resource that is used faster than it can be replaced

nonrenewable resources

minerals, diamonds, metals, fossil fuels

nonrenewable energy

fossil fuels - coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power

an energy resource that formed over millions of years from the decayed remains of ancient plants and animals

renewable energy source

can be replaced as it is used, or cannot be used up

renewable resources

sunlight, living organisms, water

renewable energy sources

solar, biomass, hydropower, geothermal, wind, wave, tidal

Hydrothermal Vents

Vents that provide energy source for life in the deep ocean

The formation of a new species from an existing species. Ex: Arctic Fox and Darwin's Finches

YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...

OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR

THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...

Flickr Creative Commons Images

Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.
Click to see the original works with their full license.