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Adventures in Statistics

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Terms in this set (277)
α-level
The probability of making a Type I error (usually this value is 0.05)
Abscissa
The horizontal axis of a graph. Also known as the x-axis.
Additive law
The probability of the union of mutually exclusive outcomes can be ascertained by adding the probability of the individual outcomes. If two outcomes A and B are mutually exclusive, then the probability of A or B occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities:
Image: Additive law
Alternative hypothesis
The prediction that there will be an effect (i.e., that your experimental manipulation will have some effect or that certain variables will relate to each other)
Arithmetic mean
An alternative name for the 'mean'
Average
An alternative name for the 'mean'
β-level
The probability of making a Type II error (Cohen⁵⁰ suggests a maximum value of 0.2)
Bar graph
A graph in which a summary statistic (usually the mean) is plotted on the y-axis against a categorical variable on the x-axis (this categorical variable could represent, for example, groups of people, different times or different experimental conditions). The value of the mean for each category is shown by a bar. Different-coloured bars may be used to represent levels of a second categorical variable.
Bayes factor
The ratio of the probability of the observed data given the alternative hypothesis to the probability of the observed data given the null hypothesis. It is the likelihood of the alternative hypothesis relative to the null. Values between 1 and 3 are considered evidence for the alternative hypothesis that is 'barely worth mentioning', values between 3 and 10 are considered 'substantial evidence', and values greater than 10 are strong evidence.
Bayes' theorem
A mathematical description of the relationship between the conditional probability of events A and B, p(A|B), their reverse conditional probability, p(B|A), and individual probabilities of the events, p(A) and p(B). The theorem states that (see left).
Image: Bayes' theorem
Bernoulli trial
In probability, a Bernoulli trial is a random experiment that has two possible outcomes. Tossing a (fair) coin is a Bernoulli trial: it will land either heads up or tails up.
Between-groups design
Another name for 'independent design'
Between-subjects design
Another name for 'independent design'
Bias corrected and accelerated (BCa) confidence interval
A variant of the percentile bootstrap confidence interval that is adjusted for skewness and to be median unbiased. In general, it has better coverage (i.e., more often contains the true value being estimated) than the percentile confidence interval.
Biased estimator
A statistic taken from a random sample that does not equal its corresponding population parameter; for example, a sample mean that is not equal to the population mean. See also 'unbiased estimator'.