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Engaging the Christian Scriptures ch. 5: Between the Testaments

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Alexander the Great
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Terms in this set (24)
Alexander the Great
King of Macedonia who consolidated the Greek armies, conquered the Persian empire in 332 BCE, and gained control of territories in Egypt and Palestine. Alexander's conquests furthered the spread of Hellenism throughout the ancient world.
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Seleucid king who came to power in 175 BCE and took the title Epiphanes ("God Manifest"). Antiochus IV brutally forced Hellenism on the Jewish people and desecrated the Jerusalem temple, which prompted the Maccabean Revolt. Many scholars see the book of Daniel as a reflection of Jewish persecution under Antiochus IV.
Apocrypha
A collection of Jewish religious books that include various literary genres and give insight into the time between the testaments. The word "apocrypha" means "hidden texts." Though Jews never considered them Scripture, some Christian groups came to regard these texts as part of the Christian canon and labeled them "deuterocanonical" because they became canonical later than the other writings. The Apocrypha includes 1, 2, and 3 Maccabees, Judith, Additions to Daniel and Esther, the Wisdom of Ben Sira, and 4 Ezra.
Bar Kokhba Revolt
Led by Simon bar Kosiba (later known as Simon bar Kokhba) in 132 CE, this was the last notable attempt by Judean Jews to oust the Romans. In response, the Romans leveled Jerusalem and forbade Jews from living in Judea. This revolt is also known as the second Jewish war/revolt.
circumcision
The procedure of removing the foreskin from male genitals. Circumcision was a sign of God's covenant with Abraham (Gen. 17) and became a major Jewish identity marker.
Diaspora
A Greek term commonly applied to Jews who lived outside Palestine. Frequently, Diaspora Jews had different theological and cultural practices (temple worship, food laws, circumcision, relationship to Greco-Roman culture) from Judean Jews.
emperor cult
Worship of the Roman emperor as a god, which became increasingly important in the Roman Empire after the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE. While initially emperors were worshipped only after their deaths, some Roman emperors eventually demanded worship while they were still living. Emperor worship was closely associated with political loyalty to the Roman Empire.
Epicureans
A Greek philosophy that aimed to free humans from the fear of death and the fear of the gods by arguing that the gods do not exist and humans are free to pursue the best possible life.
Essenes
A sect of Judean Jews in the first century CE who believed that in the afterlife, a person's soul would experience reward or punishment based on how a person lived. Accordingly, they strove to live pure and righteous lives without the distractions of wealth and, in some cases, marriage. They criticized the temple establishment for being corrupt and often isolated themselves into their own communities.
Hasmonean dynasty
The string of politically weak, Jewish leaders who reigned over an independent Judea between 142 and 63 BCE.
Hellenism
Greek culture and ideas; usually associated with the spread of the Greek empire by Alexander the Great.
Maccabean Revolt
The thirty-five year Jewish uprising that began in 167 BCE under the leadership of the priest Mattathias and his five sons. The revolt was a response to Seleucid pressure to offer pagan sacrifices and enforce Hellenistic culture in Judea.
Olympian gods
The gods and goddesses of classical mythology (e.g., Zeus/Jupiter, Poseidon/Neptune, Athena/Minerva) who resided in a hierarchical society on Mount Olympus.
Palestine
A name for the land between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. The name Palestine derives from the name "Philistine," the people group who lived on the coast, which the Greeks applied to the whole region.
Pharisees
A sect of Judean Jews that probably emerged in the second century BCE who strove to embody the virtuous life the Mosaic law prescribed so that they would be rewarded for their faithfulness in the afterlife with bodily resurrection. They were skillful interpreters of Scripture and revered the oral traditions. After the destruction of the Jerusalem temple in 70 CE, the Pharisees morphed into rabbinic Judaism.