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History MP4 Quarterly

Terms in this set (69)

Romulus Augustus

Last emperor of the western empire in 476 AD was a 14 year old boy. Was overthrown by Odoacer and marks the end of the western empire.

- controlled Rome for almost 15 years
- Visigoths attacked the cit of rome
- They seized and killed Odoacer
-Was the man who overthrew Romulus Augugustus

- Attacked Roman lands in Spain and North Africa
- In 455 AD they entered Rome
- They spent 2 weeks seizing valuables and burning buildings
- The word vandalism comes from this group of people

- They were a Germanic Tribe
- Settled inside of Rome's borders to protect themselves from a Hun attack
- They were treated poorly by the romans and some were enslaved
- In around 378 AD They fought and defeated Roman legions at Adrianople

- Put rules in place to enforce Diocletians rules
- The sons of whatever their father did they had to do as well
- He stopped all fighting inside of Rome itself
- Ruled from 321AD-337 AD
- Legalized christianity
- The empire continued to fall and in 330AD he moved the capital to Byzantium when he died a city in the east in present day Turkey
- This became known as Constantinople
- He died then Theodosius took power in Constantople
- Theo found the empire hard to govern because its vast area with threats on each border
- He decided that when he died the empire should spilt into the east and west
- In 395 AD The Western empire with Rome as its capital
- The other was in the east with Constantinople as its capital

- A general named Diocletian ruled in 284 AD
- He introduced reforms or political changes to make the nation better
- He built forts along borders to protect the empire
- Puts people to work and gets them jobs
- He divided the empire into 4 parts each with its own ruler and he had overall authority over them all
- This multiplies the debt they have by 4
- He sent maximum price ranges for goods so they would rise more
- He ordered workers to remain at the same jobs until they died so they could ensure economic safety
- He put leaders in charge of communities who were supposed to collect taxes
- No body followed them and he was not strong enough leader

- Means a three man rule
- Crassus, Pompey, Julias Caesar. Caesar is the only military man.
- They came into power because they were three of the wealthiest people in Rome and bought their own army
- This made them dangerous because they had buy people to get into office
- This is not the Army of Rome, its the army of Julius Caesar, or Crassus. This is what lead them to be powerful
- Crassus ruled over Syria
- Pompey ruled Spain
- Caesar ruled Gaul, or France
- Ultimately a 3 way civil war begins because they tried to outdo each other and begin to invade each other
- Crassus was the richest person in History. Today he would have had 40 trillion dollars
- Spartacus was their first enemy they fought together
- Caesar kills him but Crassus takes credit for it.
- Pompey is killed by Spartacus.
- "Crossing the Rubicon"
- Rubicon is a river that separates Rome from the outside world and Caesar crosses it and invades Rome with his army -"The die is cast"
- Meaning he is doing something that there is no going back from
- Most people want to follow Caesar into battle because he is a military man

- Your only supposed to be Dictator of Rome for 6 months
- But Caesar becomes dictator because he was a great leader so they make his Dictator Perpertuum
- The people loved him but the rich hated him because they wanted to be in charge
- March 15 44 BC- Death of Caesar, The Ides of March.

Marcus Aurelius

- 161-180 AD
- Reformed Roman law, assisted in uniting empire's economy. One standard currency across the whole empire.
Last of the 5 good emperors and ended the pax Romana

Augustus Caesar

- Juluo-Claudian Emperors
- Military
- Praetorian Guard
- 9,000 men in this unit defended the emperor
- Wanted to protect Rome and made an army of 150,000 Roman citizens
- Border
- Wanted Rome's borders to be easier to defend
- Made them along physical land features
- Rhine River, Danube, to the North
- Atlantic Ocean to the west
- Sahara to the south
- Euphrates River to the east
- Troops were stationed along them to protect the empire from invaders
- Public Buildings
- Made them to display Romes power
- Buildings, fountains, and palaces were built
- Government
- Wanted to improve the government
- Proconsul
- A governor to oversee Romes provinces outside of Rome
- Not a consul, those are only in Rome
- These replaced the politicians who had been appointed by the Senate.
- Tax system
- Before him tax collectors paid the government so they could collet taxes and keep some of it for themselves
- To solve this he made tax collectors permanent government officials who got paid a wage
- Legal System
- Created laws for people in Rome's provinces who were not citizens
- Favored the authority of the empire over individual citizens rights
- Preserving Reforms
- He was afraid people might be unhappy with his rule so he fed them grain imported from Africa

The Gracchus Brothers

- Both Plebieans
- The Populares vs. the Optimists
- The Majority people vs. The preferred or general people
- Basically Plebeians vs. Patricians
- Populares
- Rich Patricians
- Optimist
- Plebeians

- in 73 BC Spartacus and his forces moved though Italy their numbers swelled to 70,00
- They planned to cross the alps but were crushed by Roman forces and Spartacus and 6,000 of his men were put to death or crucified
- Caesar kills him but Crassus takes credit for it.
- Pompey is killed by Spartacus.

- Justinian was a skilled emperor and a general and ruled from AD 527 to AD 565
- He governed with supreme power and controlled the military and all of the legal decisions made within the empire
- He was named emperor of the East in 527
- 533 Sent Belisarius to conquer North Africa from Germanic tribes
- 535 Belisarius attacked Rome, seized from Ostrogoths after 16 years of fighting
- Later conquered almost all of the italian peninsula and parts of Spain

- Married in 525, Theodora was Justinians wife a beautiful intelligent and ambitious women
- She helped Byzantine women win more rights
- She helped elect government officials
- The law was changed that women could own land and that if they became a widow the land would provide them income
- In AD 532 taxpayers in Constantinople threatened the government and Justinian was told to flee
- Theodora told him to stay because she would rater die and empress than and outlaw
- He stayed and fought back and was able to restore his power as an emperor

Actual man who invented the Justinian Code.

- 533 Justinian Sent Belisarius to conquer North Africa from Germanic tribes
- 535 Belisarius attacked Rome, seized from Ostrogoths after 16 years of fighting
- Later conquered almost all of the italian peninsula and parts of Spain

- They were the strongest Germanic group that settled into what is now france and Germany
- 7 years old he said he wanted the worlds largest empire
- needs to be knowledgeable about the military
- studies it how to be a great soldier battle of the past
- Studys Governments that worked in the past
- Studies culture and social behavior
- If he wanted to combine all these people he needed to understand their cultures
- Places fell because the new ruler enforced
- Learns cultures customs and languages
- He proves himself by fighting off the Alemanni in Spain
- He put together a large army funded by the pope
- Converts his army to Christianity in the victory
- Marries a Princess Christian girl from Italy named Chlotilde
- He is now Christian and added all of Italy without fighting
- Now has the popes support and every christian is now ruled by him
- 481 Clovis became the first king of franks (Predecessor of France)
- He was the first to accept christianity and soon all the franks were christian

- 768 Pepin dies and Charles becomes king of the franks
- Doubled size of kingdom
- By 800 Charles kingdom is an empire
- First emperor to rule most of western elope since the romans
- This won him the name Charlemagne or Charles the great
- In 800 he defended Rome against unruly nobles
- After worshiping at St Peters in Rome on christmas day the pope declared him the new Roman emperor
- He did not want his people to think the pope had the power to chose and emperor
- Aachen was the central capital which was a small city
- relied on local officials called counts stop help him govern
- Royal messengers went on inspections and told the emperor how the counts were doing
- Courts dealt with local affairs
- He established a school for children of government officials
- Students at the school studied religion latin music literature and arithmetic

William the Conqueror

1066 last anglo saxon king dies without an heir
Noble named Harold Godwinson claimed the English Throne
A relative of the Anglo Saxon king named Duke of Normandy in france said he was the heir to the throne
Fall 1066 William and his army of Norman knights landed in England
Defeat Harold and his foot soldiers at the battle of Hastings
William was crowned king of England and called William the conquer
Anglo saxons revolted him so he seized their Nobles land and gave it to his norman knights
He carried out first census since Roman times to determine his taxes
Every person and farm animal was counted in the Domesday Book
Officials spoke french in England
Built castles cathedrals and monasteries in the norman style
They learned from Norman artisans
The cultures merged to form a new english culture

- Passes a land reform that says that no one can own more than 500 acres
- The land taken ways would be re-ditrubted to the poorest people of Roman Empire
- The poor were allowed to be given up to 30 acres
- The Rich lost control because Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus got all the poor people to vote
- He got this passed because there are more poor people than rich people
- The rich called Tiberius a tyrant because he ran for reelection.
- Results= Tiberius was beaten to death with a wooden chair and nearly 300 of his supporters suffered the same fate. These deaths marked a turning point in Roman history and a long-lasting association between violence & the office of tribune.
- His brother Gaius tries to help out the Plebeians again.
- Consultum ultimum: By executive order the Rich people say round up friends of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus and put them to death. This was

William the Conqueror

- 1066 last anglo saxon king dies without an heir
- Noble named Harold Godwinson claimed the English Throne
- Godwinsons were a powerful family who controlled London
- Says that he is the only englishman should be king
- A relative of the Anglo Saxon king named Duke of Normandy in france said he was the heir to the throne
- Harold of London's father Edward "The Confessor" said he should be the king
- Fall 1066 William and his army of Norman knights landed in England
- 1066: William the conqueror becomes first king of england
- First king of england is from france, Normandy,
- Harald Hardrada of Norway also believed he should he the king of England
- Harald of Norway has paper work that says the king of Norway is also the king of England signed by the people of England
- Harold vs Harald fight in York and Harold wins
- William then defeatsf Harold and his foot soldiers at the battle of Hastings
- William was crowned king of England and called William the conquer

Number 1 Scientist and charlamage's number 1 trustee

- After William, English kings further strengthened their power.
- Henry II ruled most of Wales, England, and Ireland
- Feudal lord I'm France and Scotland
- Henry set up central royal court with lawyers and judges
- Courts created a body of common law.
- Helped unite England
- Also set up juries of citizens to settle disputes
- Grand Jury- a group of citizens that meets to decide whether people should be accused of crime.
- Trial jury- a group of citizens that decides whether an accused person is innocent or guilty.

Helped Muslims recapture Jerusalem. This triggered the 3rd Crusade.

12 March 1088 to his death in 1099. Helped with the crusade against the muslim turks.

control of most of the Byzantine lands in Asia. Muslim people from Turkey/

- Ivan III became ruler of Moscow in 1462
- Married Sophia a niece of the Byzantine emperor
- Adopted lavish lifestyle and was referred to as Czar, or caesar, it means emperor
- 1480 Ivan III got rid of Mongols from Moscow and Russian territory
- He wanted to conquer the north and west
- They were now known as the Russians and went to become a huge empire

Romulus and Remus found Rome

- Founding of the Roman Republic
- They split into two classes
- Patricians
- Higher Class
- Plebeians
- Lower class
- First 39 years the Plebeians had no one to complain to and were disenfranchised (could not vote)

Council of Plebs given right to makes laws for all of Rome

- Julius Caesar becomes Dictator of Rome
- Your only supposed to be Dictator of Rome for 6 months
- But Caesar becomes dictator because he was a great leader so they make his Dictator Perpertuum
- The people loved him but the rich hated him because they wanted to be in charge
- March 15 44 BC- Death of Caesar, The Ides of March.

the Greek colonies have disappeared and Rome unites them. Carthage moves into northern Africa

End of Pax Romona, 5 good emperors. Ended with Marcus Aurleius

- Alaric lead his people in Italy and captured Rome itself
- They raided many city buildings and private homes and it made people realize that the empire will not as they once thought last forever

- Odoacer a Germanic general was able to take power and Roman Empire fell
- Overthrew Romulus Augistulus a 14 year old boy
- From then on now Roman ever ruled the western empire again
- It marks for some the fall of the Western empire and a is a major point in history

- 1066 last anglo saxon king dies without an heir
- Noble named Harold Godwinson claimed the English Throne
- Godwinsons were a powerful family who controlled London
- Says that he is the only englishman should be king
- A relative of the Anglo Saxon king named Duke of Normandy in france said he was the heir to the throne
- Harold of London's father Edward "The Confessor" said he should be the king
- Fall 1066 William and his army of Norman knights landed in England
- 1066: William the conqueror becomes first king of england
- First king of england is from france, Normandy,
- Harald Hardrada of Norway also believed he should he the king of England
- Harald of Norway has paper work that says the king of Norway is also the king of England signed by the people of England
- Harold vs Harald fight in York and Harold wins
- William then defeatsf Harold and his foot soldiers at the battle of Hastings
- William was crowned king of England and called William the conquer
- Anglo saxons revolted him so he seized their Nobles land and gave it to his norman knights
- He carried out first census since Roman times to determine his taxes
- Every person and farm animal was counted in the Domesday Book
- Officials spoke french in England
- Built castles cathedrals and monasteries in the norman style
- They learned from Norman artisans
- The cultures merged to form a new english culture

Pope asked the Europes Nobles to begin a crusade against the Muslim Turks. He urged them to capture Jerusalem and free the holy land where jesus had lived from the Muslims.

Magna Carta John I was forced to sign i

great landed estates specializing in agriculture destined for export: grain, olive oil, or wine.

- Translates to mean the rile of the custom-"What is done is what has always been done".
- Question: Is this a good belief system for a person to have? For a society to have?

A large open space that served as a market place and public square at the foothills of the emperors palace

March 15 44 BC- Death of Caesar

- A human made channel that carries water long distances
- Country to the City
- Made of Concrete
- *Romans invent concrete

The power to overturn or deny a law or official decree.

- Two chosen every year ran the government and lead the army in battle
- Took idea from Spartans
- Had to take a year off before they could run again so they could not gain too much power

- In charge of laws that applied to Roman citizens. A 2nd was later added to deal with the non-citizens of Rome.
- Not top level position
- Thought of as extremely intelligent and fair

- Wealthy landowners who became Rome's upper class.

- Small farmers and craftspeople of Rome who could vote but initially lacked the power to elect their own into office
- Lower Class, could not make laws

A person who runs the whole government by themselves and is in office for seemingly forever.

- A philosophy that flourished in Ancient Rome
- Stoics believed that people should strictly restrain their emotions in order to attain the truth
- Hence, they refused to demonstrate either joy or sorrow
- All things are black and white, wrong and right

Hagia Sophia was a Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal basilica, later an imperial mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey

Byzantium/Constantinople/Istanbul

- This became known as Constantinople
- He died then Theodosius took power in Constantople
- Theo found the empire hard to govern because its vast area with threats on each border
- He decided that when he died the empire should spilt into the east and west
- In 395 AD The Western empire with Rome as its capital
- The other was in the east with Constantinople as its capital
- By AD 500s Constantinople became one of the worlds most advanced cities
- It was located on the peninsula between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea making it have excellent harbors and attracted fishing boats, trading ships, and warship
- Because it was in between Europe and Asia it thrived
- It was protected on all three sides from the sea and a large wall on the fourth side
- A huge chain was later strong across the harbor to protect it

poem that express strong emotions about life

narrow inlets and rocky coastlines it has

an agreement between the pope and the ruler of a country Example: Concordat of Worms

no longer had the rights of church membership and could not go to heaven. Example: When Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry IV

- Local land owning nobles became very important
- They raised armies, collected taxes and enforced laws on the people living on their lands
- The nobles protected people in return by letting them fight in their army or farm their land

- These rules stated a knight should be brave and serve his lord

- a group of citizens that meets to decide whether people should be accused of crime.

a group of citizens that decides whether an accused person is innocent or guilty.

The land given to a vassal from their lord.

Lower vassals who were armoured and fought on horseback

- They were tied to the land of a noble and noble forever
Most people were Serfs.

a person legally bound through indenture to a master craftsman in order to learn a trade.

- 1215 Nobles met with king John in Runnymede
- They forced him to sign the Magna Carta or Great Seal/Charter
- It forced him to uphold the rights of freeman and hold people to an equal journey
- The king is no longer above the law, The law is the highest power
- Magna Carta relied on the Feudal Idea
- It enforced the idea that all people have rights and the governments power should be limited
- Must be told what you are accused of
- Innocent until proven guilty
- No taxation without representation
- Trial and a Lawyer
- Double Jeopardy- Can't be tried for the same crime twice
- Edward I in the late 1200s increased the authority of his council
- Lord's Church leaders knights and townspeople became known as Parliament
- Divided into 2 groups upper house and lower house
- Marked an important step in a representative government

Battle of Hastings

William then defeated Harold and his foot soldiers at the battle of Hastings. This crowned him king of england.

Scipio + Hannibal

- Scipio had a skin disease so his skin was 100% the color black.
- Hannibal and Scipio went to school together. Hannibal was Scipio's exchange student and Hannibal gave Scipio his nickname.
- Hannibal looked Roman
- Scipio's father was the head of the consul and Hannibals father was the leader of Catharage.
- Scope's skin was leathery as well so it hurt to move
- Hannibal turns 13 and has to go to the military and he swears that he will destroy Rome

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