Ch. 16 AP Euro (Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe)

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Cardinal Richelieu

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Appointed by Maria de' Medici, he set the cornerstone for French absolutism during the reign of Louis XIII. He reshuffled the royal council, leveled castles, and crushed aristocratic conspiracies. Extended the use of intendants(recruited from new nobility) in France's 32 districts. Supported the Hapsburg Empire's enemies. Founded France's "French Academy' and wrote the "Political Testament which elaborated on the impact of finances on the state. His "raison d'etat" was used to justify his policies. Considered the first Prime Minister in history.

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A situation where a monarch claims to rule by "divine right". Involved the subjugation of the nobility and the creation of a bureaucracy which directed economic life by forcing tax increases or other means of raising revenue. Kings also employed armies and in some cases a secret police force. (Not the same as Totalitarian State). Can also be called an "administrative monarchy"

King Louis XIV

Longest reigning monarch in European history. He weakened the power of the nobles by excluding them from his councils, and increased the power of the intendants. He unsuccessful in attempts to conquer the Netherlands. Nicknamed "The Sun King". He installed his royal court at Versailles and required the great nobility to spend a portion of the year there.

Don Quixote

The main character in Miguel de Cervantes' book about the changing times in the early 1600's. He was a man who did not like how the Middle Ages were ending and people were becoming more materialistic, so he set of to become a knight and bring back chivalry to Spain. Reflected the deep decline of Spanish power.

Henry IV

French King who legitimately cared about the people(a sentiment which had been absent since Louis IX). Only King whose statue was not torn down in 1789 french revolution. The Protestant Duke of Sully was his chief minister. He embarked on a successful war with Savoy in 1601, but the rest of his reign was marked by peace. Dramatically lowered tax rates on the poor and introduced the paulette. Murdered in 1610 by crazed fanatic.