Appointed by Maria de' Medici, he set the cornerstone for French absolutism during the reign of Louis XIII. He reshuffled the royal council, leveled castles, and crushed aristocratic conspiracies. Extended the use of intendants(recruited from new nobility) in France's 32 districts. Supported the Hapsburg Empire's enemies. Founded France's "French Academy' and wrote the "Political Testament which elaborated on the impact of finances on the state. His "raison d'etat" was used to justify his policies. Considered the first Prime Minister in history.
