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endocrine system

Terms in this set (74)

stimulates another gland
what does the term trophic or tropic mean in relation to hormones
negative feedback
deficiency of factor stimulates release of hormone to increase factor until it is within normal range; then, stimulus is eliminated and hormone release stops. (most common)
positve feedback
hormone secretion stimulates additional hormone secretion. (very rare)
water soluble transport
unbound transport; decompose quickly, short half- life; insulin, pituitary hormones, parathyroid
lipidsoluble transport
bound to protiens for circulation; circulating level depends on protien available for binding; liong half-life; steroids, thyroid
primary dysfunction in hyper or hypoactivity
caused by diseased gland producing hormone
secondary dysfunction in hyper or hypoactivity
caused by diseased target gland or tissue to be acted on by hormone
endocrine disorders
what types of disorders (especially hypofunction) may require lifelong treatment; stress tends to increase the dysfunction
effects of aging on endocrine system
decreased secretion and clearance; variable receptor binding changes
effects of aging on thyroid gland
atrophy and other changes may decrease hormone levels increasing the incidence of hypothyroidism
effects of aging on adrenal gland
decreased clearance or corticosteroids and cortisol may increase circulating levels, decrease levels of aldosterone
anti-diuretic hormone
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitressin) and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
in the anterior lobe of the pituitary what controls thirst and the amount of urine produced by the kidneys
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
in the posterior lobe of the pituitary what causes the thyroid gland to grow and release thyroid hormones
oxytocin
in the anterior lobe of the pituitary what stimulates uterine contractions in women
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
in the posterior lobe of the pituitary what causes the adrenal gland to release several hormones. The major one is cortisol.
growth hormones (GH)
in the posterior lobe of the pituitary what is the main hormone for general body growth
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
in the posterior lobe of the pituitary what stimulates ovulation in women and the production of sperm in men.
prolactin
in the posterior lobe of the pituitary what stimulates milk production in women
luteinizing hormone (LH)
in the posterior lobe of the pituitary what stimulates ovulation in women and testosterone production in men
SIADH
what is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
increased ADH> increased H2O>solute loss (Na+)
pathophysiology of SIADH
decreased serum osmolarity and hyponatremia (<115); increased urine osmolarity; thirst; anorexia; dulles cociousness
S&S of SIADH
neurogenic- decreased amount of ADH; nephrogenic- decreased response to ADH; and psycogenic- increased H2O intake
what are the three types of diabetes insipidus etiology
increased serum osmolarity and hyponatremia (<115); decreased urine osmolarity; thirst; polyuria
S&S of diabetes insipidus
increased volume of dilute urine; increased serum osmolarity; dehydration
pathophysiology of diabetes insipidus
decreased ADH production; SIADH, diabetes insipidus
list two diseases associated with the posterior pituitary
decreased growth hormone; hypopituitarism, hyperpituitarism
list two diseases associated with the anterior pituitary
related to hormone imbalance
S&S of hypopituitarism & hyperpituitarism
giantism & acromegaly
two disorders related to hyperpituitarism
acromegaly
what disorder in adults causes enlargement of bones of hands and feet and face
giantism
what disorder in children causes abnormal increase of growth in size and stature
simple goiter; hyperthyroidism (Grave's); hypothyroidism; thyroiditis; creatinism
name five common thyroid disorders
simple goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by lack of iodine in the diet
hyperthyroidism
condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by exophthalmia, tachycardia, goiter, and tumor
Grave's
hyperthyroid, false immune response
hypothyroidism
condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity
hashimoto disease
autoimmune thyroiditis, destruction fo thyroid tissue by circulating thyroid antibodies
creatinism
due to low iodine, hypothyroidism in children, results in sever mental retardation, impariment of physical growth, protuberant abdomen
acute thyroiditis
Usually caused by bacterial infection like Staph aureus, fever, tender thyroid gland with painful cervical adenopathy
critical deficiencies are related to ACTH deficiency (life threatening) > decreased cortisol
pathophysiology of panhypopitutarism
decreased gonadotrophin >no secondary sex characteristics and/or decreased libido. DI from lack of ADH. Dwarfism results with GH deficiency in children
pathophysiology of decreased TSH - hypothyroidism
Etiology; usually pituitary adenomas
hyperpituitarism
characteristics of hypothyroidism
GI function-constipation, decreased appetite; CV function- decreased CO2, bradycardia; Weight- gain; Resp. function- hypoventilation; impaired growth; physical sluggishness.
characteristics of hyperthyroidism
GI function-diarrhea, increased appetite; CV function- increased CO2, tachycardia and palpitation; Weight- loss; Resp. function- dypsnea; enlarged thyroid gland; restlesness, irritability.
hyperparathyroidism
excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood
parathyroid
any one of four endocrine glands situated above or within the thyroid gland, produces a hormone to mobilize calcium from the bones to the blood.
etiology of hyperparathyroidism
Primary-adenoma; Secondary- renal failure; Tertiary- renal failure
PTH unresponsive to neg feedback> increased Vit. D activation> increased Ca+ absorption
pathophysiology of primary hyperparathyroidism
kidney increases Ca+ excretion> decreased Ca+> increased PTH
pathophysiology of secondary hyperparathyroidism
deceased sensitvity to Ca+ levels> increased PTH> increased Ca+ uptake
pathophysiology of tertiary hyperparathyroidism
decreased PTH> decreased Vit. D activation> decreased Ca+ resorption
pathophysiology of hypoparathyroidism
acute complications of diabetes mellitus
hypoglycemia; diabetic ketoacidosis; Hyperglycemic Hyper-osmolar Non-ketonic acidosis
synonym for hypoglycemia
Insulin shock; insulin reaction
synonym for diabetic ketoacidosis
DKA; diabetic coma
synonym for Hyperglycemic Hyper-osmolar Non-ketonic acidosis
HHNK
presenting symptoms for hypoglycemia
pale, sweating, tachycardia, hunger, anxiety, restlessness, tremors
presenting symptoms for diabetic ketoacidosis
malaise, dry mouth, headache, polydipsia, polyuria, nausea, vomiting, kussmaul resp.
presenting symptoms for HHNK
S&S; polydipsiadehydration, polyuria, nausea, vomiting, weakness, seizures, coma
somogyi phenomenon
what is hypoglycemia during night-triggers sress response> epinephrine, cortisol release> gluconeogenesis> elevated glucose levels in a.m.
dawn effect
when blood glucose levels gradually rise through the night, without any hypoglycemic episode, to produce an elevated glucose level in a.m.
adrenal cortex
what secretes 3 groups of hormones: glucocoriciods (regulates carbohydrate metobolism), mineralocorticoids (regulate amount of salt & water absorbed & lost by kidneys) small amounts of make female hormones - part of endocrine system
hypercortisolism
cushing's syndrome; due to excess glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol); cause is exogenous steroids
cushing's syndrome
hyperfunction of adrenal cortex without pituitary involvement
cushing's disease
pituitary dependant hypercortisolism
increased ACTH> increased cortisol in circulation
pathophysiology cushing's disease
moon face, buffalo hump, ecchymosis, thin skin with red sriae
S&S; cushing's disease
adrenocortical insufficiency
hypocortisolism and hypoaldosterism, the primary form is addison's disease
addison's disease
autoimmune response associated with decreased ACTH levels without cortical response, develops gradually, childhood
hyperaldosteronism
primary (Conn disease)- adenoma, secondary- excess renin-angiotensin
Conn disease
primary hyperaldosteronism, presents with hypertension, renal potassium wasting, hypokalemia, and neuromuscular manifestations
edema, HTN, hypokalemia, HA, visual disturbances
S&S: hyperaldosteronism
adrenal medulla
Part of the adrenal gland that is directly controlled by the sympathetic nervous system neurons. The cells respond to the stimulation by releasing epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%).
Pheochromocytoma
What catecholamine-hypersecreting tumor, a secondary cause of HTN, results in headache, diaphoresis, anxiety, tachycardia, and palpitations?
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