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Ch. 36 Alterations of Digestive Function (SG)

Terms in this set (54)

Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Anorexia
Loss of appetite
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blodd
Melena
Dark, tarry stool
Hematochezia
Frank bleeding from the rectum
Cholelothiasis
Formation of gallstones
Cachexia
Physical wasting with weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue, and weakness
Retching
The muscular event of vomiting without the expulsion of vomitus
Varices
Distended, tortuous, collateral veins
People who have GERD have ___ resting tone of the ___ esophageal sphincter; the symptoms include heartburn and chronic ___
Decreased
Lower
Cough
The most common type of hiatal hernia is ___ ; this type ___ associated with gastroesophageal reflux
Sliding
Is
Acute obstruction high in the small intestine causes ___ first; acute obstruction low in the small intestine causes ___ first
Vomiting
Constipation
With acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency, the damaged intestinal mucosa cannot produce enough mucus to protect itself from ___ ; bacteria invade the ___ intestinal wall, eventually causing ____
Digestive enzymes
Necrotic
Peritonitis
Neurons in the ___ play a major role in regulating appetite, food intake, and energy metabolism; hormones that circulate in the blood serve as ___ signals to this area when their concentrations increase or decrease in relation to ___
Hypothalamus
Peripheral
Body fat mass
Acute obstruction in small intestine leads to ___
Fluid movement into the peritoneal cavity

Then eventually hypovolemia and peritonitis
Hepatitis A Infection
Fecal-oral, Sexual route
Acute
No carrier state
Hepatitis B Infection
Fecal-oral route
Acute or Chronic
Yes carrier state
Hepatitis C Infection
Parental, Across placenta, Sexual route
Acute or Chronic
Yes carrier state
Hepatitis D Infection
Fecal-oral route
Chronic
Yes carrier state
Hepatitis E Infection
Fecal-oral route
Acute
No carrier state
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Reflux of pepsin and a of from stomach to esophagus causing esophagitis
Nonerosive Reflux Disease (NERD)
Similar symptoms of GERD but with no visible sign of esophagitis
Type A Gastritis
Autoimmune damage in gastric fundus
Type B Gastritis
Caused by no immune mechanisms such as H.pylori, chronic use of alcohol, or NSAID use long term
Maldigestion
Failure of chemical processes of breaking down nutrients
Malabsorption
Failure of the intestinal mucosa to transport digested nutrients into the blood or lymphs
Orexigenic Neurons
Promote eating
Anorexigenic Neurons
Inhibit eating
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
Damage begins with hematocytes
Biliary Cirrhosis
Damage begins in the bile canalculi and bile ducts
Lactase Deficiency
Absence of an enzyme causes bloating, crampy pain, diarrhea, and flatulence after ingesting milk
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
A gastrointestinal disorder with unclear pathophysiology that is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and altered bowel habits
Dumping Syndrome
Rapid gastric emptying of hypertonic chyme after bariatric surgery causes hypotension, pallor, cramping, nausea, and diarrhea
Diverticulosis
Asymptomatic presence of saclike outpouchings that are continuous with the GI tract lumen
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Gastrin-secreting tumor causes gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux with abdominal pain, and diarrhea
Refeeding Syndrome
Rapid provision of nutrients after starvation causes severe hypophophatemia and other electrolyte imbalances that may be fatal
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of saclike outpouchings that are continuous with the GI tract lumen
Acute Liver Failure
Necrosis of liver cells without preexisting liver disease or cirrhosis, often because of acetaminophen overdose
Achalasia
Functional dysphagia caused by loss of esophageal innervation
Hiatal Hernia
Protrusion of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm and into the thorax
At risk for metabolic alkalosis
People who have an acute obstruction high in the small intestine
At risk for metabolic acidosis
People who have an acute obstruction low in the small intestine
Risk factors for Gastric ulcers and Duodenal ulcers
H.pylori

NSAID use
Where is the pain with appendicitis?
Periumbilical Region (epigastric)

Right Lower Quadrant
Primary diagnostic marker for acute pancreatitis
Elevated serum lipase
Chronic pancreatitis is associated with ___
Chronic alcohol abuse
Crohn Disease
Family History puts at risk

Located in ENTIRE GI tract (mouth to anus)

Fistulas and Abscesses

Possible obstruction common

Diarrhea
Ulcerative Colitis
Located rectum, colon, lesions

Obstruction rare

Diarrhea

BLOOD IN STOOL
Risk Factors - Colon Cancer
High Fat Diet
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Familial Polyposis
Risk Factors - Esophageal Cancer
Alcohol and Tobacco Use
Reflux
Risk Factors - Gastric Cancer
H.pylori
High Salt Intake
Nitrates, Nitrites
Risk Factors - Primary Liver Cancer
Cirrhosis
Chronic Hep. B or C
Barret Esophagus
Physical changes that occur when lots of acid reflux

Replacement of cells with other type of cells that can withstand acid reflux

Warning sign at risk for cancer but because someone has this doesn't mean they do have cancer
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