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Intro Psych CLEP

Terms in this set (690)

The axons of the ganglion cells in the retina come together to make up the

The optic nerve connects to the eye at a spot in the retina called the

Occipital Lobe|Cerebrum

After being processed in the thalamus and different areas of the brain, visual signals reach the primary visual cortex in the _________ of the brains ______

Feature Detectors

Neurons that respond to specific features of the environment such as lines or edges.

Young-Helmholtz theory/|trichromatic theory

The theory that states that the retina contains three different types of cones, which respond to light in three different wavelengths, corresponding to red, green, or blue. Which explains the ability for humans to see in color.

Word use dto describe people who can only see in two colors. They are usually insensitive to red or green

Opponent process theory|Ewald Hering

Theory that states that the visual system has receptors that react in opposite ways to three pairs of colors. red vs. green, blue vs. yellow, and black vs white. This theory was proposed by

Gestalt Psychology

A school thought that arrose in Germany in the early twentieth century, explored how people organize visual information into patterns and forms.

A sroboscopic movement, which is an illusion of movement that happens when a series of images os presented very quickly one after another. The reason a cartoon seems to be one big sequence instead of individual pictures

What stands out in a view_____. What seems to make up the background ____

When objects lie close together, people tend to perceive the objects as a group

People tend to interrept familiar, incomplete forms as complete by filling in gaps.

People tend to group similar objects together

When people see interrupted lines and patterns, they tend to perceive them as being continuous by filling in gaps.

People tend to perceive forms as simple, symmetrical figures rather than as irregularones

Cues from both eyes that help to determine the distance from that object.

Retinal Disparity

Marks the difference between to images. Because the images lie a couple inches apart the retinas pick up slightly different images of the objects.

When the eyes turn inward to look at an object close up

Cues from only one eye that help to determine the distance from that object.

When one object in blocking part of another object, the viewer sees the blocked object as being farther away.

Motion Parallax/ Relative Motion

When the viewer is moving , stationary objects appear to move in different direction and at different speeds depending on their location.

Perceptual Constancy

The ability to recognize that an object remains the same even when it produces different images on the retina.

Shape Constancy

Objects appear to have the same shape event though they make differently shaped retinal images, depending he viewing angle.

Objects appear to be the same size even though their images get larger or smaller as their distance decreases or increases.

Brightness Constancy

People see objects as having the same brightness even when they reflect different amounts of light as lighting conditions change

Color constancy

Different wavelengths of light are reflected from objects under different lighting conditions. Despite this people see objects as the same color whether they are outdoors or indoors, in different lighting conditions.

Location Constancy

Stationary objects don't appear to move even though their images on the retina shift as the viewer moves around

A misinterpretation of a sensory stimulus

The readiness to see objects in a particular way based on expectations, experiences, emotions, and assumptions

Reversible Figures

Ambiguous drawings that can be interpreted in more than one way

Selective Attention

Reversible figures also illustrate the concept of_____ ______ the ability to focus on some bits of sensory information and ignore others.

Changes in pressure generated by vibrating molecules

Loudness depends on the _________, or height, of sound waves.

The number of times per second a sound wave cycles from highest to the lowest point

Timbre/Complexity

_______, or the particular quality of a sound, depends on the _______ of a sound wave

Outer, Inner and Middle

The three basic parts of the ear

Visible part of the ear that collects sound waves and passes them along the auditory canal to a membrane called the eardrum

The eardrum transmits the vibration to three bones, or ________, in the middle ear, whcih are called the hammer, the anvil, and stirrup.

Coiled, fluid-filled tunnel

Inside the Cochlea are receptors called ______

Basilar Membrane

The Cilia are embedded in the _________ _________

The Axons of neurons that connect with the hair cells in the ears come together to form the ________ _______

Theory that explains how people discriminate high-pitched sounds that have a frequency greater than 5000 Hz.

Frequency Theory

Theory that explains how people discriminate low-pitched sounds that have a frequency below 1000Hz

Taste and Smell are ________ senses

Another word for taste

Another word for smell

The sense of the position and movement of body parts.

The sensory system involved in balance is called the _________ system

Semicircular Canals

The main structures in the vestibular system are three fluid-filled tubes called __________ __________

Gate-Control Theory

Theory that states that pain signals traveling from the body ti the brain must go through a gate in the spinal cord.

Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall

The creators of the Gate-control Theory

The awareness we have of ourselves and our environment

Tracings of electrical activity that is going on in the brain

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Scientists record brain waves using an

Alpha, Beta, Theta, and Delta

Four main types of brain waves

Biological Rhythms

Regular periodic changes in a body's functioning

Circadian, Infradian, and Ultradian

Three types of Biological Rythms

Ultradian Rythms

Biological cycles that occur more than once a day

Circadian Rythms

Biological cycles that occur about every twenty-four hours.

Infradian Rythms

Biological Rythms that take longer than twenty-four hours (ex. A womans menstrual cycle)

Word that means "originates inside the body"

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

In humans, the ________ _______ is the main biological clock that regulates circadian rythms of sleep

Hormone that regulates the sleep cycle

Gland that secretes Melatonin

Electroencephalographs (EEGs)

Machine that records brain waves

Electromyographs (EMGs)

Machine that records muscle activity

Electrooculographs (EOGs)

Machine that records eye movements

Electrocardiographs (EKGs)

Machine that records acvtivityof the heart

90 to 100 minutes

During one nights sleep, people pass through several cycles of sleep, each lasting about

1, 2, 3, 4, and REM

The five distinct stages of sleep

Short bursts of brain waves while sleeping

Stage of deep sleep in which brain wave activity resembles that of an alert person

The stage of sleep when dreams are most frequent and most vivid

When a perswon is deprived of REM sleep for an extended period of time that person may experience a _____ ______, which is when a person spends more time in REM stage than usual to make up for lost REM sleep

Newborn babies spend about ______ of the time sleeping

In young babies about _____ of all sleep is REM sleep

A chronic problem falling asleep or staying asleep

The tendency to fall asleep periodically during the day

When people stop breathing many times during the night and each time they stop breathing, they wake up briefly gasping for air

Person that believed that dreams allowed people to express unconscious wishes they find unacceptable in real life

Manifest Content

The plot of a dream, what happens and so on.

A dreams hidden meaning

Activation-synthesis Theory

Another theory on dreams is the ________ Theory proposes that neurons in the brain randomly activate during REM sleep . Dreams are basically brain sparks

Dreams where people are aware that they are dreaming and may be able to control their actions to some extent within the dream

A procedure that opens people to the power of suggestion

Posthypnotic Amnesia

When people have no memory of what happened while they were hypnotised

Person who proposed that hypnosis causes people to dissociate or divide their consciousness into two parts

The practice of focusing attention. People do this to enhance awareness and gain more control of physical and mental processes

Psychoactive Drugs

Have psychological effects, meaning that they change sensory experience, perception, mood, thinking, and behavior

Stimulants, narcotics, sedatives, and hallucinogens

Four main classifications of recreational drugs

Drugs used to stimulate the central nervous system

Drugs also called opiates; drugs that can relieve pain

Drugs that slow down the central nervous system

Drugs that cause sensory and perpetual distortions

Alpha and Theta

Meditation is associated with an increase in what two brain waves

When a person needs more and more of a drug to get the same effect

Withdrawal Symptoms

When people stop using drugs after a long period of regular use they often experience

Physical Dependence

Happens when a person must take the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Psychological Dependence

When a person keeps taking the drug because of cravings

Classical Conditioning

Respondent conditioning, a subject comes to respond to a neutral stimulus as he would to another, nonneutral stimulus by learnning to associate the two stimuli

Ivan Pavlov (Pavlovian Conditioning)

Founder of the thought of Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Response

Response that occurs naturally

Uncondition Stimulus

Naturally occuring event that causes an Unconditioned Response

Conditioned stimulus |(if you were to ring a bell at dinnertime everytime, it would become automatically connected with dinner in the brain. Even though there is no real connection)

Something unrelated to the unconditioned stimulus which through correlation becomes associated with it in the brain

Conditioned Response

The response to the conditioned stimuli

gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus returns after a period of absence

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it were the original conditioned stimulus

Stimulus Discrimination

The tendency to lack a conditioned response to a new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus

Higher-Order Conditioning

The process by which a neutral stimulus comes to act as a conditioned stimulus by being paired with another stimulus that already evokes a conditioned response

The thought that any behavior that has good consequences will tend to be repeated, and any other will tend to be avoided.

Edward Thorndike

Proposed the Law of Effect

Operant Conditioning

A type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Began the study on Operant Conditioning

A cage set up so that an animal can automatically get a food reward if it makes a particular kind of response

A delivery of consequence that increases the likelihood that a response will occur

Positive Reinforcement

The presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often

Negative Reinforcement

The removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often

The delivery of a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a response will occur

Positive Punishment

The presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will happen less often

Negative Punishment

The removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will happen less often

Primary Reinforcers

Reinforcers: food, water, and caresses, are naturally pleasing

Primary Punishers

Pumishers: pain, freezing temperatures, are naturally unpleasant

Secondary Reinforcers

Reinforcers: money, fast cars, and good grades

Secondary Punishers

Punishers: failing grades, and social disapproval

Conditioned Reinforcers and Punishers

Seconday Reinforcers and Punishers can also be called

The procedure in which reinforcement is used to guide a reswponse closer and closer to a desired response

Reinforcement Schedule

A pattern in which reinforcement is given over time

Continuous Reinforcement

When reinforcement is provided every time a particular response occurs

Intermittitent of Partial Reinforcement

When reinforcement only happens on some occasions on which the response occurs

When Reinforcement happens after a certain number of responses

Interval Schedule

When Reinforcement happens only at a certain time interval

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

When reinforcement happens after set number of responses

Variable-Ratio Schedule

When reinforcement happens after an average number of responses

Fixed-Interval Schedule

When reinforcement happens after a set amount of time

Variable- Interval Schedule

When reinforcement happens after a particular average amount of time

The gradual extinction of a conditioned response

Discriminative Stimulus

A cue that indicates the kind of consequence that's likely to occur after a response

Stimulus Discrimination

The tendency for a response to happen only when a particular stimulus is present

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to respond to a new stimulus as of it is the original discriminative stimulus

Comparative Psychology

Psychologists who are interested in behavioral similarities and differences between species are

industrial and organizational psychologist.

Employee morale and staff cooperation would be the concern of a(n)

naturalistic observation

To determine if people are coming to a full stop at an intersection with a new stop sign, the best research method would be a(n)

recruit participants to a university study, put half in a cold room and half in a hot room, and then observe their behavior.

If a researcher wished to determine whether heat causes an increase in aggression, the best approach would be to

various amounts of alcohol.

In an experiment, subjects given various amounts of alcohol drive a course marked by orange pylons. The independent variable in this experiment is the

become more confident about their conclusions across a variety of situations

Scientists use replication in order to

The psychological perspective which includes the assumption that people are often unaware of the real motives behind their behavior is

The theorist who claimed that he could make any dozen healthy babies into anything he wished through conditioning was

transmitting messages

The primary job of most brain cells is

axon terminal buttons.

The neuron's "senders" are the

electrical; chemical

Activity within a nerve cell is _____; activity between nerve cells is _______.

Central Nervous System

The spinal cord is part of the

The brain's relay station which receives incoming sensory messages and passes them on to the cerebral cortex is the

The part of the brain chiefly responsible for emotion is the

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is MOST likely to be activated when you are

The association area of the cortex which seems to play a role in planning and problem solving is located in the

Both James and Sarah carry a recessive gene for blue eyes.

Sarah and James both have brown eyes, but their daughter has blue eyes. What is the MOST likely explanation for this?

absolute threshold.

The minimum amount of stimulus energy required to stimulate a receptor is the

Our eyes must continuously quiver in order to counteract the effects of sensory adaptation

Which of the following is TRUE about perceiving objects?

both movement and color

Cones, unlike rods, will respond to

The LEAST efficient of the human senses is

semicircular canal

Movements of the head are detected by

Todd is shown a card with the stimuli AAABBBCCC and is asked to report what he sees. Todd states that there are three groups of different letters. This illustrates the rule of perceptual organization known as

depth and distance

Binocular vision provides clues regarding

studying in the library

You have met and seen Juan Perez only in your psychology class. You are MOST likely to recognize Juan if you see him

Each one of the sleep stages can be objectively identified as different from the other stages by means of

Our most vivid dreams occur during

withdrawal from alcohol

Delirium tremens are associated with

Hypnosis has enabled some people to go through surgical procedures without anesthetic. TRUE/FALSE

"Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior" is an incomplete definition of learning because it does not include the role of

classical conditioning

Pavlov caused dogs to salivate to a neutral stimulus through a process known as

unconditioned stimulus is presented.

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned response occurs when the

Presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) repeatedly without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus (UCS) generally results in

stimulus discrimination

When a child learns not to use swear words in front of his parents, but does so in front of friends, the child is exhibiting the principle of

reflexes, voluntary

It is often suggested that classically conditioned responses are _____, whereas operantly conditioned responses are _____.

A psychology student is training a rat to climb a ladder. She first rewards the rat for any movement it makes toward the ladder, and then only when the rat actually makes contact with the ladder. Eventually, the rat must successfully climb the ladder in order to obtain the reward. This student has used the behavioral technique of

continuous reinforcement

In general, learning takes place more rapidly with

behavior modification

Systematically applying principles of operant conditioning to influence and change behavior is referred to as

Instinctual drift

Jenna is very frustrated because her cat keeps jumping up on the counter, even though she had spent a lot of time trying to train him not to do so. Which concept of learning should Jenna MOST be aware of?

A parent who deliberately ignores a child's temper tantrum is attempting to discourage tantrums by

Being aware of the sound presently being made in this room is an example of

Ishmael wishes to remember the phone number of an attractive woman he just met. The MOST likely strategy he will use is

A "fill in the blank" type of examination would usually measure

If you memorize the letters FBIKEGUCLA as FBI-KEG-UCLA, you have used a technique known as

The basic sounds of a language are called

include speech sounds used in virtually all languages.

The speech sounds made by infants

In the Stanford-Binet test, IQ is defined as

identical twins reared apart are usually selectively placed in environments that are as similar as possible

Studies of identical twins do not provide conclusive evidence of the effect of genetics on intelligence, because

If a test measures what it is intended to measure, it has

there was remarkable agreement among members of all cultures.

When people of varying cultures were asked to match facial expressions with specific emotions

The regulation of temperature in humans and other mammals provides a good example of the general physiological process of

estrogen; androgen

The sex hormone in females is _____ and the sex hormone in males is _____.

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

The correct order of Masters' and Johnson's stages of sexual response is:

reward good performance, admonish bad performance

Good advice to parents who want to encourage high achievement motivation in their children is to

physiological needs, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization

The correct order of Maslow's needs hierarchy is

At conception, the original fertilized cell consists of 46

A harmful substance that can cross the placenta and harm the fetus is called a(an)

cognitive developement

Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who was interested PRIMARILY in children's

Joe is four years old. He watches as you pour out the same amount of juice into two identical glasses, one for him and one for his friend. He correctly tells you that there is the same amount of juice in each glass. However, if you pour the contents of one of the glasses into a taller, thinner glass, he says he wants that one "because there's more juice in it." Joe has not yet mastered the principle of

Are not directly related to the reproductive organs

Secondary sex characteristics are those that

identity versus confusion.

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are primarily dealing with concerns related to

Alzheimer's disease

Severe intellectual and emotional impairment in older people is MOST likely to be caused by

Psychodynamic theory was originally developed by

mostly hidden from view

Freud compared the unconscious mind to an iceberg because it is

The ego mediates between the id and the superego

Which of the following statements BEST describes the structure of personality as Sigmund Freud saw it?

According to Freudian theory, the Oedipus complex is resolved through the process of

attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority

In breaking away from Freud, Alfred Adler proposed that people

unconditional positive regard.

Jim is able to accept his friend despite the fact that he doesn't approve of some of the things his friend does. Carl Rogers would say that, in accepting his friend regardless of his flaws, without closed-minded judgment, Jim is displaying

observational learning

Social learning theory emphasizes the phenomenon of

approach-approach conflict

If you would enjoy roaming around the world but would also enjoy the rewards of settling down, you are experiencing a(n)

sense of personal control

A characteristic typically possessed by stress-resistant individuals is a(n)

Genetic factors can predispose us to develop mental disorders.

What is the role of genes in the development of most mental disorders?

Schizophrenics have been found to have an excess of the neurotransmitter

A person who is overly energetic and hyperactive, makes grandiose plans, and experiences feelings of omnipotence is

People diagnosed as having a(n) _______ disorder outnumber all other groups of mentally ill individuals.

antisocial personality

A seemingly charming, candid, generous person who lies freely, forms no close ties, and is selfish and remorseless, is probably a(n)

multiple personality disorder

term dissociative identity disorder is synonymous with

______ accounts for a lot of learning, both in humans and nonhuman species

Instinctive Drift

The tendency for conditioning to be hindered by natural instincts

Robert Rescorla

The psychologist that showed that in classical conditioning, pairing two stimuli doesn't always produce the same level of conditioning

Observational learning

The process of learning to respond in a particular way by watching others, who are called models

The capacity for storing and retrieving information

Processing onformation into the memory

Structural Encoding

Type on encoding that focuses on what words look like

Phonemic Encoding

Type of encoding that focuses on how words sound

Semantic Encoding

Type of encoding that focuses on the meaning of the word

Stores incoming sensory information in detail but only for an instant

Visual Sensory Memory

Another phrase for iconic memory

Auditory Sensory Memory

Another phrase for echoic memory

Short-term Memory

Part of the memory that holds information for about 20 seconds

Combines small bits of information into bigger, familiar pieces

Another phrase for short-term memory

Long-term Memory

The type of memory that is usually held for the entirety of a persons life

Long-term Memory

Type of memory that organizes memories by category, familiarity, relevance, or connection to other information

The process of getting information out of memory

stimuli that help the process of retrieval

The concept that recalling a particular word becomes easier if another related word is recalled first

Implicit Memory

Memory that affects thoughts and behaviors even thought the event and the memory of the event remain unknown

Explicit Memory

The conscious intentional remembering of information

Declarative Memory

Used to recall factual information such as dates, names, words, faces, events, and concepts

Procedural Memory

Recalling how things are done sucha s swimming or driving a car

Semantic Memory and Episodic Memory

The two types of Declarative Memory

Semantic Memory

The recall of general facts

Episodic Memory

The recall of personal facts

Hermann Ebbinghaus

The first person to do scientific studies of forgetting using himself as a subject

The proportion of learned information that is kept or remembered--the flip side of forgetting

Remembering without any external cues

Identifying learned information using external cues

According to the what theory does memory fade over time

Retroactive Interference

Interference that happens when newly learned information makes people forget old information

Proactive Interference

Interference that happens when old information makes people forget newly learned information

Psychologist that proposed that people forget because they push unpleasant of intolerable thoughts and feelings deep into their unconscious

Forgetting by pushing unpleasant memories deep in to the unconscious

Motivated Forgetting

Another phrase for repression, when people forget things that they don't want to remember

Anterograde Amnesia

The inability to remember events that occur after an injury or traumatic event

Retrograde Amnesia

The inability to remember events that occur before an injury or traumatic event

Distributed practice

Learning information in short sessions over a long period of time

Massed Practice

Cramming, or learning a lot of information very quickly

Associating the material being learned with ither material

Strategies for improving memory

Words made out of the first letters of several words

Sentences or phrases in which each word begins with a letter that acts as a memory cue

Narrative Methods

Making up a story to remember a list of words

The way of remembering in which people may imagine themselves walking through a familiar place, they may imagine each item on their list in a particulat place as they walk along

Peg Word Method

When people first remember a rhyme that associates numbers with words

The transfer of information into the long-term memory

A mental model of an object or event that includes knowledge as well as beliefs and expectations

An inaccurate recall of the origin of information

Misinformation effect

Occurs when peoples recollections of events are distorted by information given to them after the event occured

Elizabeth Loftus

The psychologist that did influential research on the misinformation effect that showed that memory reconstructions can affect eyewitness testimony

Hindsight Bias`

The tendency to interpret the past in a way that fits the present

Overconfidence effect

The tendency people have to overestimate their ability to recall events correctly

The claim that something happened when it really happened to someone else

System of symbols and rules that is used for meaningful communication

Sounds, gestures or written characters that represent objects, events, actions, or ideas

Means that the symbols of a language can be combined to produce an infinite number of messages

Smallest distinguishable units in a language

The smallest meaningful units in a language

A system of rules that governs how words can be meaningfully arranged to form phrases and sentences

Telegraphic sppech

Contain no articles or prepositions

Metalinguitic Awareness

Capacity to think about how language is used

A major proponent of th idea that language depends largely on environment was the behaviorist

The major proponent of the view that biological influences bring about language developement

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

States that language determines the way people think

Benjamin Lee Whorf

Proposed the linguistic relativity hypothesis

Semantic Slanting

A way of making statements so that they will evoke specific emotional responses

A strategy of labelingpeople on order to influence their thinking

Thinking, involves mental activitiessuch as understanding, problem solving, and decision making

A mental category that groups similar objects, events, qualities, or actions

A typical example of a concept

Cognitive Schemas

Mental models of different aspects of the world

The scientist most commonly known for their study in cognitive developement

Psychologist that believed that children's sociocultural environment plays an important role on how they develop cognitively

Problem-solving

The active effort that people make to achieve a goal that cannot be easily attained

Step-by-step procedures that are guaranteed to achieve a particular gioal

Deductive Reasoning

The process by which a particular conclusion is drawn from a set of general premises or statements

Inductive Reasoning

The process by which a general conclusion is drawn from examples

A general rule of thumb that may lead to a correct solution but doesn't guarantee one

Dialectical Reasoning

The process of going back and forth between opposing points of view in order to come up with a satisfactory solution

Functional Fixedness

The tendency to think only of an object's most common use in solving a problem

A tendency to use only those solutions taht have worked in the past

Decision-Making

Involves weighing alternatives and choosing between them

Additive Strategy

When a person lists the attributes of each element of the decision , weights them accoring to importance, adds them up, and determines which one is more appealing based on the result

Elimination by Aspects

A process for making decisions about preferences which involves eliminating alternatives based on whether they do or do not posses aspects or attributes the decision maker has deemed necessary or desireable

Subjective-Utility

Personal value of a decision's outcome

Availability Heuristic

When people use the rule of thumb strategy they estimate probability based on how readily they can remember relevant instances of an event. If they can remember instances of some event then they will estimate that event as being quite likely

Representative Heuristic

A rule of thumb strategy that estimates the probability of an event based on how typical that event is

Gambler's Fallacy

The false belief that a chance event is more likely if it hasn't happened recently

Confirmation Bias

The tendency for people to look for and accept evidence that supports what they want to believe and to ignore or reject evidence that refutes thier beliefs

Belief Perseverance

Another phrase for confirmation bias

The ability to generate novel, valuable ideas

Divergent thinking

When people's thoughts go off in defferent directions as they try to generate many different solutions to a problem

Convergent Thinking

When people narrow down a list of possibilities to arrive at a single right answer

Creative people usually have considerable training, knowledge, and expertise in their fields

Creative people tend to think independently and have relatively little concern for what others think of them

Creative people tend to be open to new experiences and willing to explore ususual events

Creative people are usually willing to work hard to overcome obstacles and take risks

Intrinsnic Motivation

Creative people tend to be motivated more by intrinsnic rewards rather than by extrinsnic rewards

The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge

General Intelligence Factor

Charles Spearman

Proposed the general intelligence factor

Proposed the idea of eight different types of intelligence which are relatively independent of each other

Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Musical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Nature

Howard Gardner's eight different types of intelligence

Logical- Mathematical

Intelligence in number skill

Intelligence in ability to evaluate and analyze the visual world

Intelligence in skill in understanding the natural world

Intelligence in skill in understanding the "self"

Intelligence in spoken and written language skills

Intelligence in performance or composition skills

Bodily-kinesthetic

Intelligence in dance or athletic abilities

Skill in understanding and relaing to others

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Distinguishes among three aspects of intelligence

Robert Sternberg

Proposed the Triarchic theory of intelligence

Compotential, Experiential, and Contextual

The three types of intelligence in the Triarchic theory of intelligence

Compotential Intelligence

The ability assessed by intellingence tests

Contextual Intelligence

The ability to function effectively in daily situations

Experiential Intelligence

The ability to adapt to new situations nd produce new ideas

Emotional Intelligence

The ability that helps people to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

The Psychometric Approach to Intelligence

Emphasizes people's performance on standardized aptitude tests.

Predice people's future ability to acquire skills or knowledge

Achievement Test

Measure skills and knowledge that people have already learned

Devised a general test of mental ability in 1905, scores were yielded by "mental age"

The chronological age that corresponds to a particular level of performance

Created the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale by expanding and revising th eBinet-Simon scale

Intelligence Quotients (IQ)

The Stanford-Binet yielded scores in terms of

Oneof the two problems with the intelligence quotient approach is: The score to be in the top of a particular age group varies, depending on

Another problem with using the Intelligence Quotient approach is: The score system has no meaning for

Published the first system for assessing intelligence in adults

Verbal and Nonverbal

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale has _____ and ______ scores

The term _____ is also used to describe the score on the Wechsler test

Normal DIstribution

A symmetrical bell-shaped curve that represents how characteristics like IQ are distributed in a large population

Some researchers have suggested that biological indices such as reaction time and perceptual speed realate to intelligence as measured by

The amount of time a subject takes to react to a stimulus, such as by pushing a button when a light is presented

Perceptual Speed

The amount of time it takes for a person to accurately perceive and discriminate between stimuli.

Reliability, Percentile Scores, Validity, Standardization, Norms, and Standardization Samples

The siz main characteristics of an IQ test are

When uniform procedures are used when administering the scoring of the tests

Provide information about how a person's test score compares witht he scores of other test takers

Percentile Score

Indicates the percentage of people who achieved the same or less than a particular score

Standardization Sample

A large group of people that is representative of the entire population of potential test takers

The tests ability to yield the same results when the test isw adminstered at different times to the same group of people

The test ability to measure what it is supposed to measure

The limits placed on IQ by heredity

The mathematical estimate that indicates how much of a trait's variation in a population can be attributed to genes

People's performance on IQ tests has improved over time in industrialized countries, it is attributed in environmental influences

A complex subjective experience accompanied by biological and behavioral changes

Proposed that emotions evolved because they had adaptive value

William James and Carl Lange The James-Lange Theory

The two psychologists that proposed an idea that challenged commonsense beliefs about emotion, the idea is that people experience emotion because they perceive their bodies physiological responses to external events. People don't cry because they feel sad, but they feel sad because they cry

Disagreed with the James-Lange Theory

Cannon-Bard Theory

Theory that states that the experience of emotion happens at the same time that physiological arousal happens. Neither one cause the other.

The Two-Factor Theory, Stanley Schacter and Jerome Singer

The ______ ________ theory proposed by _______ _______ and ______ ________ states that people's experience of emotion depends on physiologocal arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal

Richard Lazarus

Researcher who has shown that people's experience of emnotion depends on the way they appraise or evaluate the events around them

The brain and the autonomic nervous system

The experience of emotion is accomanied by activation of two major areas of the nervous system

The area of the ______ ______ is highly involved in emotion

One system in the Limbic System called the ______ plays a particularly important role in regulating emotion

Autonomic Nervous System

Controls all of the automatic functions in the body

Branch of the Autonomic Nervous System that prepares the body for action when an emotion-evoking event happens

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

The sympathetic branch signals the adrenal gland which secretes what two hormones

Parasympathetic

The _______ nervous system keeps the body still to help store and build energy

Galvanic Skin Response

An increase in the skin's rate of electrical conductivity, which occurs when subjects sweat during emotional states

Blood Pressure, Muscle Tension, Heart Rate, and Respiration

Researchers use these four indicators to measure emotion

Brain Activation

Different emotions have different patterns of

Neurotransmitters

Different ______ are involved in different emotions

Autonomic Nervous System Activity

Different emotions have different patterns of

emotions, hapiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust

Six basic emotions

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

Theory that uses feedback from facial muscles to recognize emotions that are being experienced

Categories of emotions

People in different cultures categorize emotions differently

Prioritization of emotions

Different cultures consider different emotions to be primary

Different emotions evoked

The same situation may evoke different emotions in different cultures

Differences in nonverbal expressions

Nonverbal Expressions of emotion differ across cultures, due partly to the fact that different cultures have very different display rules

Norms that tell people whether, which, how and when emotions should be display

Power of cultural norms

Cultural norms determine how and when to show emotions that are not actually felt

Acting out an emotion that is not felt is called

An impulse that causes a person to act

The internal process that makes a person move toward a goal

Drive Reduction Theory

Theory that suggests that people act in order to reduce needs and maintain a constant physiological state

The maintenance of a state of physiological state

1.)People sometimes arent motivated by internal needs|2.)People continut to be motivated even when they have satisfied their internal needs|3.)People are also motivated by external incentives

Three aspects of motivation explained by the Drive Reduction Theory

An impulse that causes a person to act

The internal process that makes a person move toward a goal

Drive Reduction Theory

Theory that suggests that people act in order to reduce needs and maintain a constant physiological state

The maintenance of a state of physiological state

1.)People sometimes arent motivated by internal needs|2.)People continut to be motivated even when they have satisfied their internal needs|3.)People are also motivated by external incentives

Three aspects of motivation explained by the Drive Reduction Theory

Intrinsnic Motivation

The motivation to act for the sake of the activity alone

Extrinsnic Motivation

The motivation to act for external rewards

An environmental stimulus that pulls people to act in a particular way

Psychologist that suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs

Needs for social interaction, such as the need to belong

Physiological needs, such as the need for food, water, safety, and security

Needs for esteem which include the need for respect from oneself and others

Needs for self-actualization or realizing one's full potential

People's perceptions of what is important in life

Basal Metabolic Rate

The rate at which a person at complete rest uses energy

Lateral, Ventromedial Nucleus, and the Paraventricular Nucleus

The three areas in the hypothalamus play a key role in regulating hunger

The body converts food to ______ a simple sugar that acts as an energy source for cells

Insulin and Leptin

The hormones that plays an important role in regulating hunger

Disease caused by a deficiency in insulin

One of the first researchers to give a modern account of human sexuality

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

Two other pioneers of sexual research that studied several hundred male and females who agreed to either have sex or masturbate in a laboratory setting

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Four phases of the sexual response cycle

Physiological responses return to normal

Physiological arousal continues

Physiological arousal increases quickly

Physiological arousal peaks

Implicit rules that allow a person to judge the appropriate sexual behavior for a given situation

Achievement Motive

An impulse to master challenges and reach a high standard of excellence

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Test used to measure people's need for achievement. Uses a set of ambiguous pictures such as a woman standing in the doorway of a room

A persons confidence in their own ability to meet challenges effectively

The collection of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors associated with a person

Temporary behaviors or feelings that depend on a persons situation and motives at a particular time

Factor Analysis

Used to identify basic personality traits from a very long list of english words that identified traits

Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

The five basic personality traits "Big Five"

First proposed the theory of psychoanalysis

Psychodynamic Theories

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis collectively

A technique used by Sigmund Freud to treat mental disorders

Contains all information that a person is paying attention to at any given time

Contains all information outside of a person's attention but readily available if needed

Contains thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories of which people have no awareness but that influence every aspect of their day-today lives

Reservior of instinctual energy that contains biological urges such as impulses toward survival, sex, and aggression

Pleasure Principle

The drive to achieve pleasure and avoid pain

Primary Process Thinking

Illogical, Irrational, and motivated by a desire for the immediate gratification of impulses

THe component that manages the conflict between the ID and the constraints of the real world

Reality Principle

The awareness that gratification of impulses has to be delayed in order to accomodate the demands of the real world

Secondary process thinking

Logical and rational thinking

The moral component of the personality

Ego|Superego|ID

In freuds view, anxiety arises when the ______ cannot adequately balance the demands of the _____ and the _______

Defense Mechanisms

Behaviors that protect people from anxiety

Keeping umpleasant thoughts memories and feelings shut up in the unconscious

Reaction Formation

Behaving in a way that is opposite to bahavior, feelings, or thoughts that are considered unacceptable

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else

Rationalization

Using incorrect but self-serving explanations to justify unacceptable behavior, thoughts, or feelings

Transferring feelings about a person or event onto someone or something else

Refusing to acknowledge something that is obvious to others

Reverting to a more immature state of psychological development

Channeling unacceptable thoughts and feelings onto socially unacceptable behavior

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital

Freud's five stages of development

Stage from age 3-5, source of pleasure is genital, and the result of a fixation in this stage is guilt or anxiety about sex

Stage around age 2, source of pleasure is anal (bowel movements) the result of a fixation at this age is an overly controlling personality or an angered personality

The stage between ages five and puberty, sexuality is latent or dormant, during this period, and no fixations take place

This stage begins at puberty, the source of pleasure is the genitals, no fixations at this stage

This stage takes place between birth and 12 months, the source of pleasure is any activity involving the mouth, fixations that will occur due to this stage is excessive smoking, overeating, or dependence on others

Oedipus Complex

Also, developing during the phallic stag, this refers to a male childs sexual desire for his mother and hostility toward his father

Neo-Freudian, believed that the unconscious has two layers the personal unconscious and collective unconscious

Collective Unconscious

Contains universal memories of the common human past

Images or thoughts that have the same meaning for all human beings

Neo-Freudian, developed his own school of thought, which was called individual psychology

Individual Psychology

The thought that the main motivations for human behavior are not sexual or aggressive urges but strivings for superiority

The attempt to shed normal feelings of inferiority

Reverting to a more immature state of psychological development

Channeling unacceptable thoughts and feelings onto socially unacceptable behavior

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital

Freud's five stages of development

Stage from age 3-5, source of pleasure is genital, and the result of a fixation in this stage is guilt or anxiety about sex

Stage around age 2, source of pleasure is anal (bowel movements) the result of a fixation at this age is an overly controlling personality or an angered personality

Led the school of behaviorism in the 1910's, studies only observable behavior

Well known for describing the principles of operant conditioning, believed that the environment determines behavior, thought that a person develops over their whole life span

Pointed out that people learn to respond in particular ways by watching other people, who are called models, believed that condidtioning is not an automatic mechanical process

A social-cognitive theorist, his research showed that situations have a strong effect on people's behavior and that peoples responses to situation depend on their thoughts about the loikely consequences of their behavior

Reciprocal Determinism

A two-way interaction between a person's characteristics and the environment

Humanistic psychologists, or humanism

Try to see people's lives as those people would see them

Self-actualization

Realization of a persons true potential

Believed that people strive for self-actualization after fullfilling their more basic needs

Most important feature of personality, whcih includes feelings, thoughts, and beliefs that people have about themselves

A humanistic psychologist that proposed a theory called the person-centered theory

Discrepency between the self-concept and reality

A fairly accurate match between the self-concept and reality

Psychologist that believes that genetics are the primary determinate of personality, although he thinks conditioning also play a role

Refers to the innate personality features or disposititons

A mathematical estimate that indicates how much of a trait's variation in population can be attributed to genes

____ percent of the variation in personality traits in a group of people can be attributed to genetic differences among those people

Objective personality tests

Self-report inventories

Self-report inventories

Papaer-and-pen tests that require people to answer questions about their typical behavior

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Personality test that was developed in the 1940's and revised in the 1980's. Questions on these tests are answered with true, false, or can't answer

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

Test that assesses thirteen basic dimensions of perwsonality

Provides information about the likelihood that a subject is lying on a test

NEO Personality Inventory

Measures the Big Five traits

Projectuve personality tests

Requires subjects to respond to ambiguous stimuli, such as pictures and phrases that can be interpretted in many different ways

Projective Hypothesis

The idea that people interpret ambiguous stimuli in ways that reveal their concerns, needs, conflicts, desires, and feelings

Test that consists of a series of ten inkblots, uses a complex scoring system to interpret subjects' responses

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Consists of a series of pictures containing a variety of characters and scenes. The subject is asked to tell a story about the picture

Circumstances that threaten well-being, or the response people have to threatening circumstances

Psycologically or physically demanding events or circumstances

Catastrophic events

Large earrthquakes, hurricanes, wars

Major life changes, positive or negative

Marraige, divorce, death of a parent, beginning a new job, starting college

Standing in line, traffic jams, noisy environments

The experience of being thwarted when trying to achieve a goal

Occurs when people have two or more incompatible desires of motives

Approach-approach conflict

The least stressful conflict. Occurs when people try to choose between two desirable alternatives

Approach-avoidance conflict

Typically more stressful and quite common, occurs when people must decide whether to do something that has both positive and negative aspects

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Also typically stressful, occurs when people have to choose between two undesirable options

Occurs when people feel compelled to behave in a particular way becasue of expectations set by themselves or others

A pioneer in the field of stress research, proposed that stressors of many different kinds result in a nonspecific bodily response. Theorized the General Adaptation Syndrome

General Adaptation Syndrome

The bodies stress response that has three stages

Stage One in the General Adaptation Syndrome, An organism recognizes a threatening situation

Resistance Stage

Stage Two in the General Adaptation Syndrome, Occurs when stress continues

Exhaustion Stage

Stage Three in the General Adaptation Symdrome, Organisms reachthis point when stress is prolonged

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Adrenal Medulla

Releases Catecholamines

Outer parts of the adrenal glands

Efforts to manage stress

Adaptive Coping

Type of coping that deals with solving a problem directly

Maladaptive Coping

Type of coping that avoids the real problem at hand, drinking or drugs

Locus of control

People's perception of whether or not they have control over circumstances in their lives

Internal Locus of Control

When people believe that they control their own circumstances

External Locus of Control

When people believe that other people are in control of their circumstances

The bodies defense system

Formed in the bone marrow and release antibodies

Formed in the thymus gland and defend the body against cancer cells, viruses, and other foreign substances

Destroy foreign substances by absorbing them

Violation of cultural standards behavior, Exhibitiono of behavior harmful to self or others, experience distress

Three criteria for defining a psychological disorder

A way of describing and explaining disorders as if they are diseases

The process of distinguishing among disorders

The cause or origin of a disorder

A prediction about the probable course and outcome of a disorder

Vulnerability-stress model

States that psychological disorders result from an interaction between biological and environmental factors

Theorizes that psychological dsisorders result from reinforcement of abnormal behavior

Psychodynamic Model

States that psychological disorders result from maladaptive defenses against unconscious conflicts

Projective tests

Testing that requires a psychologist to make a judgement based on a subject's responses tp ambiguous stimuli

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The American Psychiatric Association published thius reference book to help consolidate information on psychological disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

With this disorder the subject experiences persistent and excessive anxiety or worry that lasts at least six months

With this disorder the subject experiences intense anxiety when exposed to a particular object or situation

With this disorder the subject experiences intense anxierty when exposed to certain types of social or performance situations

With this disorder the subject experiences reccurent unexpected panic attacks which cause worry or anxiety

Involves anxiety about losing control in a public place

Theorizes that psychological dsisorders result from reinforcement of abnormal behavior

Psychodynamic Model

States that psychological disorders result from maladaptive defenses against unconscious conflicts

Projective tests

Testing that requires a psychologist to make a judgement based on a subject's responses tp ambiguous stimuli

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The American Psychiatric Association published thius reference book to help consolidate information on psychological disorders

Ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images that are persistent and cause anxiety or distress

Repetitive behaviors that help prevent or relieve anxiety

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Aperson with this disorder persistently re-experiences a highly traumatic event and avoids stimuli associated with the trauma

Concordance Rate

Indicated the percentage of twin pairs who share a particular disorder

Martin Seligman

Proposed that people may be more likely to develop conditioned fears to certain objects and situations

A way of describing and explaining disorders as if they are diseases

The process of distinguishing among disorders

The cause or origin of a disorder

A prediction about the probable course and outcome of a disorder

Vulnerability-stress model

States that psychological disorders result from an interaction between biological and environmental factors

Characterized by marked disturbances in emotional state, which affect thinking, physical symptoms, social relationships, and behaviors

Dysthymic Disorder

Causes a depressed mood for a majority of days over at least two years

Major Depressive Episode

A period of at least two weeks in which a person experiences some depressive symptoms

Major Depressive Disorder

Caracterized by at least one major depressive episode

Bipolar Disorders

Involve at least one period in which the subject exhibits manic episodes

Some research indicates that poeple with chronic depression tend to have a smaller

Learned Helplessness

A tendency to give up passively in the face of unavoidable stressors

Martin Seligman

The psychologist that proposed that depression results from learned helplessness

Somatoform Disorders

Are characterized by real physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition, the effects of a drug, or another mental disorder

Somatization Disorder

Formerly called hysteria or Brisquet's Syndrome, People with tghis disorder experience a wide variety of physical symptoms, such as pain and gastrointestinal, sexual, and pseudoneurological problems

Conversion Disorder

Characterized by symptoms that affect voluntary functioning or sensory functioning, these symptoms `cannot be explained medically

Hypochondriasis

People with this disorder are preoccupied with fears that they have a serious disease

People who enjoy being the center of attention

Substance Abuse

A maladaptive pattern of drug use that results in repeated negative consequences such as legal, social, work-related, or school-related problems

Substance Dependence

Involves continuing to use drugs despite persistent physical or psychological costs, also called drug addiction

A way of describing and explaining disorders as if they are diseases

The process of distinguishing among disorders

The cause or origin of a disorder

A prediction about the probable course and outcome of a disorder

Vulnerability-stress model

States that psychological disorders result from an interaction between biological and environmental factors

The gradual need for more and more othe drug to get the same effect

Withdrawal Symptoms

Person substaining from a drug experiences sweating, nausea, muscle pain, shakiness, and irritability

Positive Symptoms

Involves the presence of altered behaviors

False beliefs that are strongly held even though there is contradictory evidence

Sensory or perceptual experiences that happen without any external stimulus

Negative Symptoms

Involve an absence or reduction of normal behavior

Type of schizophrenia that is characterized by marked delusions or hallucinations and relatively normal cognitive and emotional functioning

Persecutory Delusions

Involves a belief that one is being oppressed, pursued, or harrassed in some way

Grandiose Delusions

Involve the belief that one is very important or famous

Disorganized Type

Type of schizophrenia that is characterized by disorganized behavior, disorganized speech, and emotional flatness, or inappropriateness

Type of schizophrenia that is characterized by unnatural movement patterns such as rigid unmoving posture or continual purposeless movements or by unnatural speech patterns such as absence of speech or parroting of other people's speech

Undifferentiated type

Type of schizophrenia in which diagnosis given to a patient that does not meet criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic schizophrenia

Concordance Rate

Refers to the percentage of both people in a pair having a certain trait or disorder

Some researchers have proposed that schizophrenia is related to an overabundance of the neurotransmitter _________ in the brain

Dissociative Disorders

Characterized by disturbances in consciousness, memory, identity, and perception

Dissociative Amnesia

The inability to rememeber important personal informatio, usually about something traumatic or painful

Dissociative Fugue

When people suddenly leave their homes and disappear unexpectedly, they do not remember their past and are confused by their identity

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Formerly called multiple personality disorder, in this disorder certain aspects of the identity and memory are not integrated, sometimes people witht his disorder have two or more personalities

Personality Disorders

Stable patterns of experience and behavior that differ noticeably from patterns that are considered normal by a person's culture

Schizoid personality disorder

Entails social withdrawal and restricted expression of emotions

Borderline Personality Disorder

Characterized by impulsive behavior and unstable relationships, emotions and self-image

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Involves attention-seeking behavior and shallow emotions

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

CHaracterized by an exaggerated sense of importance, a strong desire to be admired and a lack of empathy

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Includes social withdrawal low self-esteem and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Characterized by a lack of respect for other people's rights, feelings, and needs, beginning by the age of fifteen

Insight Therapies

Involve complex conversations between therapists and clients. The aim is to help clients understand the nature of their problems and the meaning of their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings

Behavior Therapies

Also involve conversations between therapists and clients but attempt to directly influence maladaptive behaviors

Biomedical Therapies

Involve efforts to directly alter biological functioning through medication, electric schock, or surgery

The treatment of psychological problems through confidential verbal communications with a mental health professional

Psychoanalytic Treatment

Focuses on uncovering unconscious motives, conflicts, and defenses that relate to childhood experiences

Free Association

When psychoanalysts encourage clients to say anything that comes to mind

Refers to the process by which clients relate to theor psychoanalysts as they would to important figures in their past

Refers to the clients efforts to block the progress of treatment

The release of tension that results when repressed thoughts or memories move into the patient's conscious mind

Cognitive Therapies

Aim to identify and change maladaptive thinking patterns that can result in negative emotions and dysfunctional behavior

First developed cognitive therapy to treat depression

Automatic Thoughts

Self-defeating judgements that people make about themselves

Systematic desensitization

Uses counterconditioning to decrease anxiety symptoms

Developed Systemativ Desensitization

Involves haveing clients learn specific skills by observing socially skilled people

Behavioral Rehearsal

Involves having the client role-playbehavior that could be used in social situations

Involves having the client approach progressively more difficult social situations in the real world

Humanistic Therapies

Try to help people acceptaccept themselves and free themselves from unnecessary limitations

Client-centered, or person-centered therapy was developed by what psychologist

Benzodiazepines

Tranquilizers such as Valium and Xanax

Antideppresants

MAOI's (phenelzine), tricyclics (Amitripylines or Elavil), and selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors (Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft)

Antipsychotic Drugs

Thorazine, Mellaril, and Haldol

Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs

Helps treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia (actively reducing activity of both seratonin and dopamine) Zyprexa, Seroquel, or Clozaril

Tardive Dykinesia

A usually permanent neurological condition characterized by involuntary movements

Drug used in bipolar disorders

Therapeutic WIndow

The amount of a drug that is required for an effect withour toxicity

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Mainly used for treatment in severe depressives. Electrodes are placed on the patients head over the temporal lobes of the brain and electric shock is adminsitered for about 1 second

A surgical procedure that severs nerve tracts in the frontal lobe

Surgical procedure that involves destruction of part of the frontal lobes

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Involves stimulating the brain by the means of magnetis soil held to a persons skull near the left prefrontal cortex

Client testimonial, providers' perceptions, and empirical research

The effectiveness of a particular therapeutic approach can be assessed in three ways

The Justification of Effort Effect

People may believe that treatment was effective becasue they spent time, effort and money on it

Empiricaclly Validated Treatments

When research shows that some treatments are more effective for a particular problem than a placebo or no treatment

cognitive therapy

Most effective treatments for panic disorders

Systematic Desensitization

Most effective treatments for specific phobias

Behavior therapy or medication

Most effective treatments for Obsessice-Compulsive Disorder

Cognitive Therapy

Most effective treatments for depression

Exposure Treatment

Most effective treatments for Post-traumatic stress disorder

Community Mental Health Movement

Started in the 1950's advocated treating people with psychological problems in their communities, providing treatment through outpatient clinics

Deinstitutionalization

Refers to providing treatment through community-based outpatient clinics rather than inpatient hospitals

person perception

People for impressions, or vague ideas, about other people through the process of

Cognitive Schemas

When people meet they form impressions of each other based on their

Mental models that represent and categoize social events and people

Beliefs about people based on their membership in a particular group

A negative belief or feeling about a particular group on individuals

Inferences that people make about the cause of events and behaviors

Internal or dispositional Attributions

When people infer that an event of a persons behavior is die to personal factors such as traits abilities or feelings

External or Situational Attributions

People infer that a persons behavior is die to situational factors

Stable Attribution

When people infer that an event or behavior is due to unchanging factors

Unstable Attribution

When people infer that an event of behavior is due to temporary factors

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to attribute other peoples behavior to internal factors such as personality traits, abilities, and feelings

Self-serving Bias

The tendency to attribute success to internal factors and failures to situational factors

Just World Hypothesis

Refers to the need to believe that the world is fair and that people get what they deserve

Self-effacing Bias

When a person attributes success to situational factors and when they fail they blame themselves for not trying hard enough

Evaluations people make about objects, ideas, events, or other people

Explicit Attitudes

Are conscious beliefs that can guide decisions and behavior

Implicit Attitudes

Are unconscious beliefs that can still influence decisions and behavior

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

The thought that a person is more likely to agree to a hard request if they first agree with an easy one

Dissonance Theory

Theory that proposes that people change their attitudes when they have attitudes that are inconsistent with each other

Founder of the Dissonance Theory

Cognitive Dissonance

People experience this when they have related cognitions that conflict with each other

Reciprocity Norm

An implicit rule in many societies that tells people they should return favors or gifts given to them

Lowball Technique

Involves making an attractive proposition and revealing the downsides only after a person has agreed to it

The source, the receiver, the message, and the channel

Four elements involoved in persuasion

Interpersonal Attraction

Positive feelings about another person

Inferences that people make about the cause of events and behaviors

Internal or dispositional Attributions

When people infer that an event of a persons behavior is die to personal factors such as traits abilities or feelings

External or Situational Attributions

People infer that a persons behavior is die to situational factors

Stable Attribution

When people infer that an event or behavior is due to unchanging factors

Unstable Attribution

When people infer that an event of behavior is due to temporary factors

Mathcing Hypothesis

Proposes that people tend to pich partners who are about equal in level of attractiveness to themselves

Mere Exposure Effect

Refers to peoples tendency to like novel stimuli more if theu encounter them repeatedly

Compliance with commands given by an authority figure

Stanley Milgram

Performed a famous study on obedience in the 1960's

Composed of two or more people who interact and depend on each other in some way

The process of giving in to real or imagined pressure from a group

Performed a famous study on conformity in the 1950's

Normative Social Influence

When a person wants to be accepted into a group or they fear rejection from the group

Informational Social Influence

When the group provides the person with information that helps them to conform

Contributes to declines in the productivity of a group, is the reduced effort people invest in a task when they are working with other people

Social Facilitaction

Individuals perform better when other people are present

The tendency for a close knit group to emphasize consensus at the expense of critical thinking and reational decision making

Group Cohesiveness

The strength of the liking and commitment group members have toward each other and to the group

Group Polarization

When the dominant point of view in a group often tends to be strengthened to a more extreme position after a group discussion

Social Exchange Theory

The idea that people want to gain as much as possible while losing as little as possible

Social Responsibility Norm

The societal rule that tells people they should help others who need help even if doing so is costly

Reciprocity Norm

The implicit societal rule that says people must help those who have helped them

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Verified questions

QUESTION

What do we call an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation? a. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. Phobia. c. Panic disorder. d. Generalized anxiety disorder. e. Posttraumatic stress disorder.

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PSYCHOLOGY

How can stress impact you physically? How does stress affect the immune system?

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QUESTION

Which of the following is a current belief of researchers that differs from Piaget's original theories? a. Infants simply have less information about the world than older children and adults. b. Object permanence develops earlier than Piaget believed. c. Infants learn more by verbal explanations than Piaget believed. d. Accommodation is a process that doesn't occur in young children. e. Schemas don't form until later than Piaget believed.

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PSYCHOLOGY

What are the common pitfalls that students of psychology may face when learning about psychological disorders?

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