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AP History

Terms in this set (53)

mamaluks
Turkish slaves that staged a revolution against Islam in the 1200s, establishing a new capital at Smarra in Iraq.
feudalism
a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
caliph
An emperor and religious leader in early Islam. Served as a head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader. The theocratic Islamic Empire was referred to as a caliphate. Successor to Muhummad.
Abbasid Dynasty
Lasted from 750-1258 after the Umayyad dynasty and was a more prosperous time; Baghdad became the capital and both Arab and non-Arab Muslims could hold civil and military offices
Mongol Empire
an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.
Mongols
Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph
Delhi Sultanate
A kingdom set up by Islamic invaders under their leader, the sultan, after they defeated the Hindus in Delhi in 1206. This began the spread of Islam throughout northern India over the next two hundred years.
Aztec Civilization
ancient mexican natives from mid-1200's. ruined by cortes. descended from mayan-zapotec-toltec civilizations. had writing, priesthood, ritual killings. welcomed whites believing cortes was the reincarnated aztec god. Empire of 12million people which lead to high tax. Had complex road system.
Inca Civilization
1400-1500 CE; Andes Mountains and 2500 miles along the west coast of South America; Pachacuti founded the empire in 1430 CE when he stayed to fight for Cuzco while his brother and father fled; Pachacuti and son increased the size of Cuzco and made it an empire; headed by Sapa Inca, who had absolute power; queen was Coya, who could rule when Sapa Inca was away; polytheistic; chief god was Inti; united empire with roads, runners/messengers, military outposts, and imposed language and religion; decline was sudden - emperor died, sons had a civil war, and Francisco Pizzaro came with his army and conquered.
Byzantine Empire
coexisted with and was situated between the Roman and Islamic empires. Greek was spoken here, and its culture had more in common with Eastern cultures (e.g. Persia); its brand of Christianity became an entirely separate branch known as Orthodox Christianity. Emperors were authoritarian rulers who monopolized the industries in their lands. This empire used coined money, which remained remarkably stable, unlike Roman currency.
Manorialism
An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.
Mercenaries
Hired foreign soldiers
Diaspora
the dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture)
Tribute System
A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.
Song Commercial Revolution
Its government encouraged the development of trade through the South China Sea. Developments such as paper money and credit systems helped spur economic growth. Many new inventions also improved life, including the compass, improved printing technology, and assembly-line techniques for pottery production.
Mali Empire
From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. They upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.
Timbuktu
a city in central Mali near the Niger river.
Ming Empire
Following the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty after the Mongols were driven out of China, this dynasty marked the return of traditional Chinese rule to the empire in 1368. This dynasty built a strong centralized government based on traditional Confucian principles, reinstated the civil examination, and removed the Mongolian influence by reinvigorating Chinese culture. This dynasty ended in 1644.
Islamic Spain
This medieval civilization (Al-Andalus), running roughly from the 700s to the 1400s, is more often than not hailed for its enlightened multiculturalism by modern scholars? The society supposedly rescued Europe from the "Dark Ages" by preserving Greek knowledge, and promoted peace between otherwise hostile ethnic and religious groups. For the record, Greek knowledge was preserved in the Greek (Eastern) Roman Empire, and tolerance of outsiders wasnʼt one of Al-Andalusʼs virtues.
Hanseatic League
An alliance between feudalistic towns. This partnership had an economic basis; the league controlled trade throughout a large portion of northern Europe. It marked the begining of a trend toward nationhood and increased social mobility among classes.
Swahili City-States
Waring states that were always competing for control of trade routes and each other. established by swahili., Many of these city-states were Muslim and very cosmopolitan.
Portuguese's Maritime Expansion
the result of the threat to Mediterranean commerce that had developed very rapidly after the crusades, especially the trade in spices.
Portuguese in Ceuta
1415, Prince Henry helped conquer this Muslim city in North Africa. Here the Portuguese invaders found stores of pepper, cinnamon, cloves, and other spices, as wells as jewels, gold, and silver.
Magna Carta
In 1215, English nobles rebelled and forced King John to sign a document that reinstated the feudal rights of the nobles, and extended the rule of law to other citizens of England (particularly the burghers). The singing of this document laid the foundation for English parliament.
Spread of Universities in Europe
..., The first university located in Europe, only men could go to it, to learn law. To learnfrom Irnerius. The university of Paris was the first university in Northern Europe. masters also known as teachers. In the late 1300s many masters began to leave Paris to start there own universities at Oxford. And by 1500 Europe had over 80 universities. Students studied the liberal arts grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. Teachers would read from a basic text. In 4 to 6 years students would begin to earn there masters and Bachelor of Arts. After 10 years students earned a doctor of law, medicine, or theology.
The most highly regarded subject was theology.
Guntenberg's printing press
In 1440, German inventor Johannes invented a process that, with refinements and increased mechanization, remained the principal means of printing until the late 20th century. The inventor's method of printing from movable type, including the use of metal molds and alloys, a special press, and oil-based inks, allowed for the first time the mass production of printed books.
Ottoman troops conquer Constantinople
In 1453, the Sultan Mohamad II conquered Constantinople (renamed Istanbul) putting an end to the Eastern Roman Empire
Tang Empire
ruled over China from 618 to 907CE Under Emperor Xuanzong, China expanded into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea. This dynasty eventually collapsed, because of the efforts of powerful local warlords. This era is known for its poetry, its development of a transportation and communication network, and its tribute system (where independent countries sent ambassadors to China with gifts to acknowledge the supremacy of the emperor).
Great Zimbabwe
Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa.
May 29, 1453
Ottoman Turks Conquer Constantinople
Spread of Islam
From 633 to 637, Muslims took Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia. In the next decade, Egypt fell as did the rest of North Africa. In 651, the Muslims conquered the Sassanids and Persia. By 718, Muslims controlled India and the Iberian peninsula (that's Spain and Portugal for the geographically challenged). Special considerations were given by Muslims to the Jews and Christians in their territory as they were followers of the same God, albeit somewhat confused.
Islam and Women's Property Rights
Daughters inherit half the property of the sons. This is because men are expected to support their family.
Schisms in Christianity
One idea, Sabbellianism, said that Jesus was a good man so filled with the Holy Spirit that he became God. Arius proposed a second idea: Christ was a person created by God at the beginning of time to save people. Arius was excommunicated, but a sufficient number of the clergy agreed with him that Constantine intervened.
Schisms in Islam
The Muslim controversy was about who would be the caliph (religious leader) after Umar, the second caliph following Mohammed.The next caliph, Muawiya, started a dynasty which lasted 15 generations: the Umayyad Caliphate. This caused the Muslims to split because one group, the Shiites, wanted Ali's son Hussein to be the next caliph, while the majority, known as Sunnis, were in favor of the Umayyad caliph.
serfs
men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection
Tale of Genji
story of Prince Genji and his lovers, written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu at end of 11th century, world's first full novel
Constantine
became the Roman Emperor in 322CE He ordered the building of Constantinople, at the Greek city of Byzantium, which became the capital of a united Roman Empire by 340CE Despite his effective rule, he could not overcome Rome's waning wealth and external pressures. Upon his death, the empire was divided again. Constantinople was the center of the thriving eastern half, and Rome was the center of the declining western half.
Sufis
Islamic mystics, were effective missionaries of Islam. They boasted a personal relationship with Allah, and their teachings made Islam highly adaptable to different circumstances, allowing individuals to mold their relationships with Allah to fit their needs and beliefs. Because of this, they converted many people to Islam during the Abbasid Dynasty.
Crusades
military campaigns undertaken by European Christians to take over the Holy Land during the eleventh through fourteenth centuries. These Christians wanted to convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity.
Black Death
a form of bubonic plague that spread over Europe in the 14th century and killed an estimated quarter of the population.
Battle of Talas River
In 751 AD, was a conflict between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese Tang Dynasty for control of the Syr Darya. Since the Islamic people won the battle, they were able to exert their religion and cultural influences onto the Turkic people.
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.
Marco Polo
(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.
Treasure Ships
A fleet of hundreds of ships set out to explore new lands under the ruling of Zhu di and Zheng heduring the Ming Dynasty.
Vikings
A group of powerful invaders from Scandinavia. Beginning about 800, they used multi-oared boats to raid well outside their borders along the North Atlantic coast and inland rivers. The Vikings were also merchants and fishermen, developing some of the earliest known commercial fisheries in northern Europe. Eventually, the Vikings were converted to Christianity.
Polynesian Migration
The Polynesians migrated eastward to Hawaii by boat to spread culture, bring a caste system, establish military and establish religion from the 600's-1300's.
Mongol Empires
an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.
Effects of Mongol rule
The Mongol Empire would become the largest empire at its peak, stretching from China as far as Russia. Mongol rule in these areas integrated them from the rest of the world, and stimulated trade between Europe and Asia. This would have profound effects that would continue many centuries after the disintegration of the empire (which was caused by the need for different styles or government in different areas, and war between Chingis' successors), including stimulating Europeans to explore the world looking for Asia's riches.
Guilds
Business associations that dominated medieval towns; they passed laws, levied taxes, built protective walls for the city, etc. Each guild represented workers in one occupation such as weavers, bakers, brewers, sword makers, etc.
Foot binding
practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household
neo-confucianism
Term used to describe new approaches to understanding classic Confucian texts that became the basic ruling philosophy of China from the Song period to the twentieth century. (p. 258), term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism
griots
Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire
Al idrisi
a Muslim geographer who collected information from Arab travelers. he proved that land did not go all the way around the Indian Ocean as many people thought.
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