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Ch 19 Pain

Terms in this set (51)

pain effects on life
-perform ADLs
-rest and experience restorative sleep
-eat
-perform normal body movements and exercise
-maintain family relationships
-work
-have a social life or maintain friends
-maintain cognitive abilities
-focus on spiritual beliefs
holistically
viewing the physical, mental, social and spiritual aspects of a person as parts of the integrated whole being
gate control theory
-how your body reacts to pain impulses.
-transmission of pain impulses that travel though the gate
-when the gate is open you feel pain
-when the gate is closed the pain is blocked
endorphins
natural body chemicals produced by the brain in response to pleasant thoughts or feelings, exercise, laughter, sex, and message
acute pain
pain that comes on suddenly and has a short duration
chronic pain
pain that last longer than 6 months
intermittent pain
pain that comes and goes at intervals
intractable pain
pain that cannot be relieved, is incurable or is resistant to treatment
referred pain
pain felt in an area other than where the pain was produced
radiating pain
pain that begins at a specific site and shoots out from or extends to a larger are beyond the site of origin
nociceptors
from the stimulation of nerve pain receptors
substance P
plays a role in eliciting localized tissue reactions similar to inflammation
prostaglandins
hormones that act in the immediate area to initiate inflammation by sensitizing local pain receptors
cutaneous pain
pain that is more superficial or pertaining to the skin's surface and underlying subcutaneous tissue
visceral pain
sometimes known as soft tissue pain is pain experienced from stimulation
deep somatic pain
bone, ligament, tendon, and blood vessel pain
neuropathic pain
burning, stabbing or sometimes deep ache that your pt describes where there is nerve compression caused bt pressure from tumors, lymphedema, or compression fractures of the spine
phantom limb pain
feels as though the pain is coming from an extremity that have been amputated
amputated
meaning that is had been surgically or traumatically removed
factors affecting pain
ethnic and cultural beliefs, developmental stage, individual values, previous pain experiences, personal support system, emotions, fatigue
important to know a # of things about the complaint of pain
-level or extent of the pain
-site of pain
-characteristic of pain
-whether the pain is acute or chronic
-what elicits the pain
-pts desires in relation to the pain
response to acute pain
HR increases
Respirations increase
Systolic BP increases
Pupils dilate
adjuvant
assist or aid another treatment, therefore increasing the effectiveness
effleurage
is the repetitive gentle, gliding stroking of your fingertips over the surface of the skin
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
unit is battery powered device, about the size of a small pager, with lead wires and electrode pads, which you apply to skin over the painful area
acupressure
involves applying fingertip pressure
acupuncture
insertion of ultrafine needles into specific body areas
progressive relaxation
systemic process of using the mind to actually relax the pts muscles from the top of the head to the toes
guided imagery
help control the body and guide the pt toward a more relaxed state
analgesics
pain medications
antipyretic
fever reducing
hepatotoxicity
damage to the liver
NSAIDs
medication class that helps to reduce inflammation and pain by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, at the site of injury or inflammation
control substances
scheduled drugs, these substances have greater capacity for addiction and abuse are regulated by federal law
patient controlled analgesic (PCA)
these drugs may be administered, w/preset boundaries by the pt, who controls the frequency and administration if his or her pain medication
bolus
larger dose known as the loading dose
adjuvant analgesics
classes of medication that produce pain relief either through a mechanism different than traditional analgesics or by potentiating or increasing the effects of opiates, opioids and nonopioid drugs
restorative sleep
allows an individual to awaken feeling rested, refreshed, rejuvenated and energize, ready to meet new challenges
circadian rhythm
24 hour cyclical pattern
non rapid eye movement sleep (NREM sleep)
considered the deepest and most restful sleep cycle
rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep)
body processes things and thoughts
amount of sleep required for newborns
16-18 hrs
amount of sleep required for infants up to 2 yrs
12-14 hrs
children 3-6
12 hrs
children 7-12
10 hrs per night
adolescents
8.5-9.5 hrs per night
younger adults
7.5-8 hrs per night
older adults
gradually decreases to 5.5 or 6 hrs per night
factors affecting rest and restorative sleep
-lifestyle
-stress and anxiety
-environmental
-illness and health problems
-sleep disorders
interventions to promote restoratie sleep
-pepare the environment
-comfort
-relaxation
-pain relief
-sleep medications
musculoskeletal pain and discomfort
what does hot and cold packs help with?
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