Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

Drugs and Society chapter 1-3

Terms in this set (98)

psychoactive drugs
drugs that affect feelings, thoughts, perceptions, or behavior
illicit drugs
drugs whose manufacture, sale, or possession is illegal
licit drugs
drugs whose manufactures, sale, or possession is legal
drug dependence
a condition in which an individual feels a compulsive need to continue taking a drug. In the process, the drug assumes an increasingly central role in the individual's life
drug
a chemical substance that, when taken into the body, alters the structure or functioning of the body in some way, excluding those nutrients considered to be related to normal functioning
instrumental drug use
referring to the motivation of a drug user who takes the drug for a specific purpose other than getting "high"
recreational drug use
referring to the motivation of a drug user who takes the drug only to get "high" or achieve some pleasurable effect
drug misuse
drug taking behavior in which a prescription or over the counter drug is used inappropriately
drug abuse
drug taking behavior resulting in some form of physical, mental, or social impairment
shamanism
the philosophy and practice of healing in which diagnosis or treatment is based on trancelike states, on the part of either the healer (shaman) or the patient
placebo effect
any change in a person's condition after taking a drug, based solely on that person's beliefs about the drug rather than on any physical effects of the drug
patent medicine
historically, a drug or combination of drugs sold through peddlers, shops, or mail ordered advertisements
drugs in the 1800s
little regulation; risks of dependence were not well known; active ingredients identified and morphine active in opium; patent medicines
drugs in the 1900s
social effects of drug dependence began to rise and led to legislation regulation of morphine, cocaine, heroine, and marijuana
when was prohibition and what ammendment
1920-1933; 18th ammendment
drugs in 1940-50
heroine, cocaine, marijuana available outside on mainstream america

antibiotics become available
drugs 1960-70
recreational use of marijuana and hallucinogenic drugs becomes common; heroine problem increases dramatically
drugs 1980s
heroine use declines
cocaine and amphetamine abuse rises; crack cocaine emerges
drugs in 1990s
meth arrises as poor mans alternative to coke
drugs in 2000s
prescription drug abuse becomes a problem
club drugs
synthetic marijuana and bath salts
2010s
heroine makes a comeback
new and dangerous methods of alcohol consumption
risk factors
factors in an individuals life that increase the likelihood of involvement with drugs
protective factors
factors in an individual's life that decreases the likelihood of involvement with drugs and reduce the impact that any risk factor might have
toxicity
physical or psychological harm a drug might present to the user
dose
the quantity of drug that is taken into the body, typically measured in terms of milligrams or micrograms
acute toxicity
the physical or psychological harm a drug might present to the user immediately or soon after the drug is ingested into the body
dose-response curve
an s-shaped graph showing the increasing probability of a certain drug effect as the dose level rises
effective dose (ED)
the minimal does of a drug necessary to produce the intended drug effect in a given percentage of the population
lethal dose (LD)
the minimal dose of a drug capable of producing death in a given percentatge of the population
therapeutic index
a measure of a drug's relative safety for use, computed as the ratio of the lethal does for 50 percent of the population to the effective does for 50 percent of the population; higher is safer
margin of safety
the ratio of a lethal dose for 1 percent of the population to the effective dose for 99 percent of the population; higher number is better; want LD1 to be high and ED99 to be low
Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)
a federal program in which metropolitan hospitals report the incidence of drug-related lethal and nonlethal emergencies
polydrug use
drug-taking behavior involving multiple drugs
chronic toxicity
physical or psychological harm a drug might cause over a long period of use
tolerence
capacity of a drug to produce a gradually diminished physical or psychological effect upon repeated administration of the drug in the same dose level
behavioral tolerence
the process of drug tolerance that is linked to drug taking behavior occurring consistently in the same surroundings or under the same circumstances; also known as conditioned tolerence
physical dependence
based on the idea that the drug abuser continues the drug taking behavior to avoid the consequences of physical withdrawal symptoms
psychological dependence
based on the idea that the drug abuser is motivated by a craving for the pleasurable effects of the drug
substance abuse
diagnostic term used in DSM-IV-TR for clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and other health professionals to identify an individual who continues to take a psychoactive drug despite the fact that the drug taking behavior creates specific problems
substance dependence
diagnostic term used in DSM IV-TR to identify an individual with significant signs of a dependent relationship with a psychoactive drug
substance use disorder
diagnostic term in DSM-5 to identify an individual with significant problems that are associated with some form of drug taking behavior
pharmacological violence
violent acts committed while under the influence of a particular psychoactive drug with the implication that the drug caused the violence to occur
economically compulsive violence
violent acts that are committed by a drug abuser to secure money to buy drugs
systematic violence
violence that arises from the traditionally aggressive patterns of behavior within a network of illicit drug trafficking and distribution
what was the first drug regulation passed and what year?
Pure Food and Drug Act; required food and drug manufactures to put amounts of alcohol or habit forming substances on lable
second major legislation
Harrison Act; anyone importing, manufactoring, selling, or dispensing opium drugs to register and pay a tax; 1914
comprehensive drug abuse and prevention
1970; organized control of drugs under 5 classifications- schedules of controlled substances based on potential for abuse
drug schedule
schedule 1 and 2: present highest potential
schedule V present lease
all are legal except schedule 1
pharmacology
study of drug actions on the body
pharmacokinetics
how the body handles drugs; absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion of chemicals
pharmodynamics
biochemical actions of drugs on the body; usually specific receptors for the drug
four ways to administer drugs into the body
oral administration
injection
inhalation
absorption through skin or membrane
oral administration
easy, no skill required
does not penetrate skin barrier

may interact with food or cause nausea
drug must be readily absorbable
generally inefficient
presise dosing difficult
injection
3 types:
intravenous: fast acting, dosing precise, efficient, short lived
Intramuscular: slower acting, longer lived than IV, small volume
subcutaneous: slow acting, longer lived than IV, small volume
inhalation
does not penetrate skin
very fast
recreational use often introduces toxins
therapeutic use limited to respiratory system, anestheitcs
ansorption
no skin penetration
trans-dermal very slow, long lasting (nicotine patches)
trans-mucosal, relatively fast (nasal spray)
metabolite
a by-product resulting form the biotransformation process
biotransformation
the process of changing the molecular structure of a drug into forms that make it easier for the body to excrete it
elimination half-life
the length of time it takes for a drug to be reduce to 50% of its equilibrium level in the bloodstream
latency period
an interval of time during which the blood levels of a drug are not yet sufficient for a drug effect to be observed
synergism
the property of a drug interaction in which the combination effect of two drugs exceeds the effect of either drug administered alone
potentiation
the property of a synergetic drug interaction in which one drug combined with another drug produces an enhanced effect when one of the drugs alone would have had no effect
cross tolerance
a phenomenon in which the tolerance that results from the chronic use of one drug induces a tolerance effect with regard to a second drug that has not been used before
cross dependence
a phenomenon in which one drug can be sued to reduce the withdrawal symptoms following the discontinuance of another drug
central nervous system
spinal cord and brain
peripheral nervous system
nerves and nerve fibers that carry information to the CNS and outward to muscles and glands; somatic and autonomic
somatic
connects cns to voluntary muscles
autonomic system
connects cns to involuntary muscles and glands; sympathetic and parasympathetic
sympathetic
controls bodily changes that deal with stressful or emergency situations
parasympathetic
controls the bodily changes that lead to increased nurturance, rest, and maintenence
three major division of the brain
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
divisions of hindbrain
medulla, pons, cerebellum
divisions of midbrain
tegmentum, tectum
division of forebrain
diencephalon (hypothalamus, thalamus), telencephalon (limbic system, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex)
medulla
muscle tone, heart rate, respiration (hindbrain)
pons
sleep and arousal (hindbrain)
cerebellum
posture, equilibrium, fine motor control (hindbrain)
tegmentum
movement, part of rewards system (midbrain)
tectum
visual and auditory orienting (midbrain)
hypothalamus
motivation and hormonal control (diencephalon--forebrain)
thalamus
attention (dienscphalon--forebrain)
limbic system
memory consolidation, emotions (telencephalon--forebrain)
basal ganglia
movement (telencephalon--forebrain)
cerebral cortex
complex sensory, motor and cognitive processing (telencephalon--forebrain)
what part of brain is most sensitive to drugs?
forebrain, then midbrain then hindbrain
ways drugs work at neuronal level by altering:
neurotransmitter release
receptor binding
reuptake at the synapse
enzymatic destruction
second messenger systems
agonists
enhance neurotransmitter action
antagonists
reduce neurotransmitter action
major neurotransmitters
glutamate
GABA
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin
endorphins
glutamate
main excitatory
GABA
main inhibitory
acetylcholine
muscarinic receptors in autonomic; atropine is antagonist (reduces)
nicotinic receptors in somatic; nicotine is agonist (increases)
dopamine
notor control, emotional regulation
norepinephrine
regulate mood state, sympathetic branch on autonomic
serotonin
help regulate mood
endorphins
endogenous pain killers
cerebral cortex
...
risk factors
...
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...