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Chapter 3 Biology Raven

Terms in this set (40)

Functional groups
Small molecular entities that confer specific chemical characteristics when attached to hydrocarbon. They react the same if different situations
Isomers
Organic molecules having the same molecular or empirical formula can exist in different forms.
Same number of elements but arranged differently in space.
Polymer
Long molecule built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits called monomers
Carbohydrates polymer and monomer
Polymer starch. Monomer monosaccharide
Nucleic acid polymer and monomer
Polymer DNA strand. Monomer nucleotide.
Protein polymer and monomer
Polymer polypeptide. Monomer amino acid.
Dehydration reaction
Condensation. To form a covalent bond between two monomers, an -OH group is removed from one monomer, and a hydrogen atom H is removed from the other.
(Monomers are joined to form polymer)
Hydrolysis reaction
A hydrogen atom is attached to one subunit and hydroxyl group to the other, breaking the specific covalent bond in the macromolecule. (Polymers are broken down to monomers)
Monomer
Single unit
Carbohydrates
C--H energy storage
Monosaccharide
Simple sugar
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharide linked together by dehydration synthesis used for sugar transport or energy storage (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
Polysaccharaides
Used for energy storage (plants use starch, animals use glycogen)
Used for structural support (plants use cellulose, animals use chitin)
Nucleic acid function
Storage, transmission and use of genetic information
DNA and RNA
Deoxyribose and ribose are sugars
Nitrogenous base includes
Purines: adenine and guanine (both is DNA and RNA)
Pyrimidine: tymine (DNA), uracil (RNA), and cytosine (both)
Phosphodiester bonds
Connect nucleotides
Double helix
2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds
RNA
Single polynucleotide strand. Read the genetic info of DNA. Direct the synthesis of proteins
ATP
Primary energy currency of the cell
Protein functions
Enzyme catalyst
Defense
Transport
Support
Motion
Regulation
Storage
Amino acids joined by
Dehydration synthesis
Amino acid structure
Central carbon atom surrounded by:
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Single hydrogen
Variable R group
R group
Dictates the chemical properties of amino acids.
Polar
Non polar
Charged
Aromatic
Special function
Proteins primary structure
Sequence of amino acids = polypeptide
Protein secondary structure
Interaction of groups in the peptide backbone (helix, sheet)
Protein tertiary structure
Folded shape of the polypeptide chain
Protein quaternary structure
Interaction between multiple polypeptide subunits
Triglyceride energy storage
Twice as much energy as carbs
Alpha helix
type of secondary structure of proteins formed by folding of the polypeptide into a helix
shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure
Amino acid
monomer of a protein; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a
hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 amino acids
Beta sheet
secondary structure found in proteins in which "pleats" are formed by hydrogen
bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain
Chaperone
protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process
Denaturation
loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals
DNA
double-helical molecule that carries the hereditary information of the cell
Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base
Peptide bond
bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction
Purine
type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines
Pyrimidine
type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines
Starch
storage carbohydrate in plants
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