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Anatomy and Physiology

Terms in this set (283)

anatomy
the study of body structure
physiology
the study of body function
pathology
the study of abnormal changes in the body structure or function, usually caused by a disease
chemicals that make up the human body
atoms and molecules
cells
structural and functional units of life
tissues
groups of cells with similar structures and functions
organs
groups of tissues working together ton perform a function
systems
groups of organs working together to perform a set of related functions
integumentary system
skin
skeletal system
bones
muscular system
muscles
nervous system
nerves
sensory system
sensory neurons and special sense organs
endocrine system
glands
cardiovascular system
heart
lymphatic system
lymph,lymph nodes
respiratory system
lungs
digestive system
mouth,stomach,intestines,liver,pancreas, gallbladder
urinary system
kidneys,ureters,bladder,and urethra
Reproductive system
gonads ( ovaries and testes)
body(organism)
group of systems working together to maintain life
The frontal plane or.....
coronal plane
traverse or
horizontal plane
what position is the body in
anatomic
superior
cranial or cephalic
anterior
ventral
posterior
dorsal
inferior
caudal
distal
away from the origin of a structure
medial
toward the middle or center
lateral
away from midline toward the side
proximal
toward the origin of a structure
the cranial cavity contain the
brain
The spinal cavity contains the
spinal cord ,runs from the brainstem in the cranial cavity to the end of the spinal cord
The thoracic cavity contains the
heart,lung,and large blood vessels
The abdominal cavity contains the
stomach,most of the intestines,the kidneys,liver,gallbladder,pancreas,and spleen
*separated by the thoracic cavity,the diaphragm and from the pelvic cavity
The pelvic cavity contains the
urinary bladder,rectum,and internal organs of the male/female reproductive systems
* separated by the abdominal cavity by imaginary line btw hip bones
Smaller cavity within the thoracic cavity ?
mediastinum between the lungs that contains the heart and large blood vessels
The abdomen is divided into 4 quadrants
right lower, right upper
left lower, left upper
The abdomen is divided into 9 regions
equilibrium
equal balance
metabolism
energy transformation in living cells
anabolism
builds up and repairs cells
catabolism
breaks down cells
Antebrachial
forearm
axillary
armpit
buccal
cheek
celiac
abdominal
cranial
skull
femoral
thigh
inguinal
groin
mammary
breast
ophthalmic
eyes
palmar
palm
pectoral
chest
plantar
sole of foot
sacral
lower spine
umbilical
navel (attaches to umbilical cord)
Antecubital
area anterior ( in front) of the elbow
Brachial
upper arm
carpal
wrist
cephalic
head
gluteal
buttocks
lumbar
lower back area
otic
ears
patellar
kneecap
pedal
foot
popliteal
back of knee
tarsal
ankle
vertebral
spine
homeostasis
the ability to maintain internal stability in a organism
cell membrane
thin outermost layer of the cell
*regulates what enters and leaves the cell
cytoplasm
substance found in the cell, holds other structures in place
nuclear membrane
thin layer surrounding the nucleus
nucleus
*located
located in the center of the cell, controls cell activity and contains (DNA)
nucleolus
small structures in nucleus , holds hold (RNA)and ribosomes essential for protein formation
centriole
rod-shaped material in the cytoplasm that begins cell division
cilia
hairlike processes on the cell surface that move foreign particles along the cell surface
flagella
* accommodates
whiplike processes on the cell surface
*cell movement
cell division
is when one cell splits into two identical cells
interphase
DNA duplicates and chromosomes double
mitosis (4) phases
also referred to as cell division
osmosis
water diffusion
histology
the study of tissues
epithelial tissue
Covers the whole surface of the body.Covering or lining all the internal and external body surfaces
squamous cells
flat and irregular
cuboidal cells
square
columnar cells
long and narrow
simple layer
one layer
stratified layer
more than one layer
connective tissue
supports, connects, and separates other tissues and organs
soft connective tissue
areolar, adipose
fibrous connective tissue
tendons,ligaments, capsules,fascia
hard connective tissue
cartilage,bone
liquid connective tissue
blood,lymph
muscle tissue
produces movement
skeletal muscle
moves muscle and bone; voluntary
cardiac muscle
forms the heart; involuntary
smooth muscle
suppoting tissue of blood vessels, and hollow internal organs such as stomach,intestine, and bladder
nerve tissue
composed of neurons( nerve cells); provides networks to carry impulses
membranes
are thin sheets of tissue that line and protect body structures
the pericardium surrounds
heart
the periosteum surrounds
bone( except at surfaces of joints)
the perichondrium surrounds
cartilage
largest system in the body
integunmentary system
largest organ
skin
A first degree burn is also know as a
superficial burn
First degree burn involves the
*Appearance
epidermis,has red appearance with minimal or no edema (swelling)
A second degree burn is also known as
partial thickness burn
Second degree burn involves the
*Appearance
epidermis,and part of the dermis, has a blistered red appearance with edema
A third degree burn is also known as a
Full thickness burn
Third degree burn involves the
*Appearance
epidermis, entire dermis and often the underlying tissues
Has a pale white or charred appearance with broken skin and edema
carcinoma
skin cancer (arises in the epithelial)
The framework of the body
skeletal system
The human skeletal system is composed of _____ bones
206
Abrasion
scrape
Avulsion
Tearing away from the body structure
Alopecia
baldness
furuncle
boil
Eschar
scab
Impetigo
bacterial infection usual around the mouth and nose
macule
small colored spot such as a feckle
nevus
mole
papule
pimple
pediculosis
infestation with lice
Tinea pedis
athletes foot
urticaria
hives
verruca
wart
The axial segment of the skeleton consists of the bones of the
skull, spine,and chest
face bones
human skeleton
The appendicular skeleton consists of bones of the
upper and lower extremities and the gridles attaching them to the axial skeletal portion
vertebral column
name the lower extremities
legs, feet, toes
arthritis
inflammation of the joints
lordosis
swayback
kyphosis
hunchback
gout
inflammation and pain of the great thumbs or toes caused by build up of uric acid
simple fracture
closed fracture with no open wound
compound fracture
open fracture with an external wound
greenstick fracture
incomplete break usually in children
impacted fracture
broken ends of bone forced into eachother
Comminuted fracture
crushing of the bone with several fragments
spiral fracture
fracture caused by twisting
colles fracture
The musclar system contains ____ muscles that make up the ___ ___ of the body.
650 , general form
anterior muscles
posterior muscles
muscular dystrophy
progressive weakening of muscles that leads to paralysis
myasthenia gravis
progresive neuromuscular disease characterized by great muscle weakness and fatigue
tendonitis
inflammation of the tendon
atrophy
wasting of muscle, often resulting from nonuse
Central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord,
peripheral nervous system
nerves originating in the brain and the spinal cord that extend outside the CNS
neurons are
nerve cells
axons
neuron fibers
nerves
bundles of neurons
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
clear fluid that flows through the brain and spinal cord
Brain
organ acting as primary center for regulating and coordinating body functions
lobes of the brain
cerebrum
largest part of the brain,divided into right and left hemispheres
cerebellum
*known as
*connected to
*the small brain
*connected to the cerebrum ,brainstem,and spinal cord by pons
Pons are where
*connects the
nerves cross
*cerebellum with the nervous system
medulla oblongata
portion of the brain connecting to the spinal cord
contains centers for control of the heart beat,respiratory rate and blood pressure
Connects the pons and cerebellum with the cerebrum
midbrain
spaces in the brain where CSF is formed
ventricles
small raised areas of grey matter located outside the CNS
ganglia
neoplasms
malignant and benign tumors
paralysis
loss of movement and sensation to a body part or area because of disease or trauma
hemiplegia
paralysis of one side of the body
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower extremities
quadriplegia
paralysis of all extremities and usually the truck
parts of the eye
white outer coat of eye
sclera
Anterior transparent cover of the sclera and also focuses light rays
cornea
The middle layer of the eye between the sclera and retina
choroid
colored portion of the eye
also regulates amount of light entering the eye
Iris
the hole in the middle of the Iris
pupil
innermost layer of the eye
also contains photoreceptors
Retina
Rods
function in dark
cones
function in light
optic disk
blind spot
myopia
nearsightedness
Hyperopia
farsightedness
disease causing damage to optic nerve from pressure can cause blindness if uncontrolled
glucoma
most common eye condition associated with aging
presbyopia
strabismus also known as
lazy eye
help protect against foreign objects entering the eye
eyebrows and eyelashes
moisturize eyes and also help protect against foreign matter
eyelids
gland sand ducts that secrete and drain tears
lacrimal structures
mucous membrane lining the eyelid
conjunctiva
external ear
pinna
tympanic mambrane is also called
eardrum
first ossicle (hammer)
malleus
Second ossicle (Anvil)
Incus
third ossicle (Stirrup)
stapes
parts of the ear
cochlea
snail shaped the contains receptor for hearing
vertigo
dizziness
olfactory epithelium
contains receptors for smell
endocrine glands
"master gland" also known as
pituitary gland
pineal gland hormone
melatonin
thyroid gland hormone
calcitonin
pancreas hormone
insulin
glucagon
gonads female ovaries hormone
estrogen
progesterone
male testes hormone
testosterone
liquid portion of blood
plasma 55%
cellular components of blood
erythrocytes (RBCs)
leukocytes (WBCs)
platelets (Thrombocytes)
Leukocytes -
fight infection
Erythrocytes -
Contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen
mature cells do not have nucleus
platelets-
cell fragments
inner layer of the heart
endocardium
middle layer of the heart
myocardium
outer layer of the heart
epicardium
outer fibrous layer that covers and protects the heart
pericardium
four chambers of the heart
right and left artrium :superior
right and left ventricle : inferior
the mitral valve is also known as the
bicuspid valve
largest body artery
aorta
only artery that carries deoxygenated blood and transfers to lungs to be oxygenated
pulmonary artery
largest body vein
vena cava
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein with clots
angina pectoris
chest pain
bradycardia
slow heart rate
tachycardia
fast heart rate
high blood pressure
hypertension
myocardial infarction
heart attack
antigen
foreign matter
antibody
fights antigen
The respiratory system
main organ of the respiratory system
lungs
the right lung has __ lobes
3
the left lung has __ lobes
2
which cavity contains the lungs
Thorax
bronchi
tubes from the trachea entering the lungs
bronchioles
smaller branches of the bronchi
inspiration
inhalation
expiration
exhalation
crackling breath sound
rales
high pitched breath sound
stridor
squeaking breath sound
wheeze
legionnaires disease
a type of pneumonia
pertussis also called
whooping cough
pneumonia
viral or bacteria infection causing inflammation of the lungs
3 functions of the digestion system
digestion
absorption
elimination
name the oral cavity
mouth
how many salivary glands are int he mouth?
three pair
how many adult teeth are there
32
pharynx also known as the
throat
tube from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
j shaped organ
stomach
longest portion of the digestive tract
small intestine
the final organ of the digestive tract
large intestine
the final portion of the digestive tract
anus
the upper portion of the small intestine,the separated by the stomach by the pyloric sphincter
duodenum
middle portion the small intestine
jejunum
lower portion of the small intestine,opening into the cecum
Ileum
Tiny projections in the small intestine lining where the absorption of nutrients occurs
villi ( singular villus)
Upper portion of the large intestine that contains the appendix
cecum
Largest part of the large intestine, divided into four parts
colon
portion of the colon the is positioned on the right side of the abdominal cavity
ascending colon
portion of the colon that bridges the ascending and descending colon
traverse colon
portion of the colon located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
descending colon
lower s shaped portion of the colon
sigmoid
largest gland in the body
liver
an endocrine gland located behind the stomach producing pancreatic juice
pancreas
pear-shaped sca located on the inferior surface of the liver
gallbladder
part of the urinary system, two muscular bean shaped organs
kidneys
two slim tubes the carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
ureters
saclike organ behind the symphysis pubis ,that temporarily stores urine
urinary bladder
the tube that takes urine from the bladder out of the body
urethra
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
name the male chromosomes
one X and one Y
The male reproductive system
name the acorn shaped head of penis
glans penis
what is spermatozoa
sperm
orchiditis /orchitis
inflammation of the testes
The female reproductive system
The female chromosomes
two X chromosomes
The female produces ___ for fertilization
ova (eggs)
antepartum
time before delivery
gestation
period of pregnancy
neonatal
first 30 days after birth
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