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Exam 1

Terms in this set (90)

Gilded Age
- Post Civil War
- Booming technology and economy
- Changed the US from rural to modern industrial
Union Pacific RR
- Transcontinental RR
- Omaha, Promontory Point, Sacramento
- Tied all the states together by RR. It allowed states to trade with each other and also help military use.
- The RR ran through the mountains of Sierra Nevada
- Started westward of Omaha and went toward Utah
Central Pacific
- Started eastward of Sacramento, CA and went to Utah.
- Chinese workers
Promontory, Utah
- Where the first transcontinental RR completion took place
- May 10, 1869
Cornelius Vanderbilt
- He turned from steamboat to railroad enterprise late in life, and with his clear vision he offered better railroad service at lower rates, earning him $100 million. Popularized the use of steel rails.
- Would use steel instead of iron in the RR which Improved / Made traffic more stable
- Used air brakes and made trains stop more quickly and efficiently
- Made a standard gauge of 4' 8 ½"
Andrew Carnegie
- Used the Bessemer theory to mass produce steel
- Trying to control the production process top to bottom- trying to cut out the middlemen
- He owned pretty much the East / The great lakes in order to cut out the middlemen
- Verticle Integration
Bessemer process
- Started by Henry Bessemer
- Process consisted of blowing air through molten iron to burn out the impurities. This made possible the production of steel in great quanatities and large dimensions
- Faster way to make steel
Vertical integration
- When you buy your suppliers out, in order to control your own raw materials and businesses.
- Carnegie was known to do this
John D. Rockefeller
- Oil!!
- Founded Standard Oil (Epitome of Standard Oil)
- Rockefeller would lower the price and make you go out of business because you cannot match the price. Once you go out of business, Rockefeller raises up the price
Standard Oil
- Crude Oil 1850s
- Founded by Rockefeller
- Before 1850, Kerosene and whale oil was used
Granger laws
- Organization of farmers, called the Grange, strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees charged by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation.
- Made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and to give rebates to privileged customers.
- The Granger would get political people to pass laws
Restriction on RR to help the Farmers
The Wabash Case (1886)
- The Granger laws were unconstitutional
The Const. Says that the congress has power to commerce
and Granger laws were crossing state laws
- 1886 Supreme Court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
- Outlawed RR rebate
- Established ICC (rates)
- Not very effective initially
- Passed after the Wabash Case since people were furious
- Many loop holes in the Interstate Commerce
- Established the federal government's right to oversee railroad activities
- Required railroads to public their rate schedules and file them with the government
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
- First federal action against monopolies
- Sought to limit the trusts
- It kept weaker companies alive even though they should have been out of business, Kept prices artificially high, Harder for competition
Bourbons/Redeemers
- Return of control of the south to southern democrats, ruled by a powerful, conservative oligarchy, merchants, industrialists, RR developers, and former planters. Called themselves Redeemers, critics called them Bourbons
- Bourbons were the people who started rebuilding
They were in power before the War, then after they lost it, and regained it (Ex ConFed, former slaves, poor whites)
- Believed the South needs to be modernized
Henry Grady
- Managing editor of Atlanta Constitution; leading advocate of a "New South;" promoted industrial development with Atlanta as its center of growth.
- South has to be modernized (No more agriculture, yes to modern industry)
James A. Bonsack
- Invented the cigarette rolling machine which sped up the process. Before cigs were hand rolled
"Buck" Duke
- 1911 Supreme Court said "Duke's company violated the Sherman Antitrust Act" and Had to be broken up
- Formed a tobacco company
- Master Maker of advertisement
American Tobacco Company
- Formed by Buck Duke
- Controlled 90% of the nations cigarette production in 1890 and about three-fourths of all tobacco production in 1904; broken up in 1911 for violating the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Sharecropping
- System in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops
- Did not own the land (You lived and farmed on someone else's land and In return, you share your crop with the owner)
- Very hard life: Limited medical care, little if any education, -ALWAYS in debt (Farmers had to mortgaging their crops)
- Former slaves, and some white
Boll weevil
- Is a crop eating bug, wiped out all cotton crops
- Forced people to start branching out into other products
Poll tax
- A tax put in place to limit blacks from being able to vote
- This tax must be paid in months in advance and were usually very high
- Must bring the receipt that you paid the poll tax in order to have the right to vote
Mississippi plan
- New guidelines in order to vote and limit blacks
- Residency requirement (2yrs in the state, 1 yr in the district) Blacks move around so this eliminated them
Had to be "sane"
- No criminal record (Blacks were likely to be prosecuted more)
- Poll tax had to be paid by February 1st
- Literate - Understanding Clause
- Grandfather Clause was part of it too
- Limited blacks from voting and some whites
Understanding clause
- Put in place in the Mississippi plan
- If you showed up on election day and couldn't read, the election officials could read you a paragraph and you would have to summarize
Grandfather Clause
- If your grandfather could vote in 1867, then you were allowed to vote
- Kept the illiterate whites in the game, and kept the blacks out of the voting game
Jim Crow
- They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederacy.
- 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans.
- Economic, educational and social disadvantages.
- Violated 14th amendment
Plessy v. Ferguson
- A case in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregated, "equal but separate" public accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the 14th amendment. This ruling made segregation legal. Some railroad companies were on Plessy's side because they paid too much to maintain separate cars.
- Separate happened but they were never equal
- Supreme court case that violated the 14th amendment ; jim crow laws were set up because of this
14th Amendment
- Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels.
Booker T. Washington
- He believed education was the key and was the champion for education for the AA
- Believed southern black would never break poverty if they didn't have an education
- Did not push for immediate social equality (didn't think it was possible- racism was too engraved_
- Push for education (Close the gap on education between both classes)
- Wanted achievable goals for the AA
- Born a slave - grew up very very dirt poor
- Set aside money for school and got an education
- Believed blacks should strive for economic equality then focus on social
W.E.B. Du Bois
- Thought Washington was a sell out for not shooting for total equality for blacks
- Was from the North, did not grow up as a slave
- Gained a PhD at Harvard (first AA to do so)
- Calling for/demanding for immediate social equality
- Founder of the NACP
- One of the founding fathers of the Civil Union
- Wanted immediate end to segregation and an enforcement of laws to protect civil rights and equality
- Wanted Social Equality!!
New Immigration
- Person from southern or eastern Europe who entered the United States after 1900
- Many immigrants came over for a better life, economic opportunity, avoid draft, etc.
Ellis Island
- European immigrant port in NYC
- Immigration processing center
Skyscrappers
- 1880s skyscrapers
- New building techniques, leaving brick and moving towards steel
- Not using a weight bearing wall, but a weight bearing structure
- Steel frame construction allowed for upward building "the sky's the limit"
- Chicago Fire allowed for total redo of buildings and NYC tried to keep up; Always in competition
Jacob Riis
- Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen
"How the Other Half Lives"
- Exposed the bad conditions in NY slums
- In NY slums the pop. density was 986 people per acre
- Immigrants population very poor
- Overcrowding in homes; Single home families turned into 6-8 family homes
- Tenement buildings: No safety measures, but they housed the very poor, No indoor plumbing
Social Gospel
- "Yes we need to save souls in the hereafter but we need to help people right now"
- Obligation was to help people
Ex) Salvation Army
- A religious doctrines preached by those who believed that the churches should directly address economic and social problems
- Movement led by Washington Gladden
Settlement Houses
- Emerged in the 1880-1890
- Urban community center
- First one was set up in the 1880 by Jane Addams
- A neighborhood center in impoverished areas; prominent ones include Hull House (Chicago) and Henry Street Settlement (New York); tended to serve immigrants
Jane Addams
- Leading social reformer who lived with the poor in the slums and pioneered new forms of activism for women
- Set up Hull Houses in Chicago
- Provided education, job skills, daycare, food/shelter
an institution in an inner-city area providing educational, recreational, and other social services to the community
- Became a model for women's involvement in urban social reform
Imperialism
- A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
- Overseas empire building
- Dominating a less powerful group of people
- Allows for spreading the medicine etc
- Europeans were way ahead of the US imperialist scene
- Africa circa 1914
Frederick Jackson Turner
- Writer of the Frontier thesis
- Turner to declare that THE AMERICAN FRONTIER WAS GONE.
- Turner argued that the frontier was significant in; (1) shaping the American character; (2) defining the American spirit; (3) fostering democracy, and (4) providing a safety valve for economic distress in urban, industrial centers
- According to the 1890 census there was no frontier
- Frontier was a safety valve for excess population
Alfred T. Mahan
- Wrote "Influence of Seapower upon history (1890)"
which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance; it stimulated the naval race among the great powers.
- The key to national greatness was:
(1) Need Naval Power to succeed and Dominate
(2) Need land troops
(3) He wants a modernize navy - BIG NAVY!!!!!
1895 Cuban Revolution
- Quest for Cuban independence from Spain
Spanish forces to put down the rebellion were brutal
- Spanish could not find the rebels so they targeted the civilians and set up detention camps
- Brutal, nasty ugly little war
- US wanted to get involved. Provided guns, Money, and People snuck over to help out
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Yellow Journalism
- Exaggerated stories and Increased American's desire to get involved
- William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were yellow journalist who kept the country in a "War Hungry" mind
De Lome Letter
- Spanish ambassador wrote a letter insulting McKinley calling him weak and his efforts in Cuba
- Hearst stole the letter and published it in the NY Times
- This helped to cause the Spanish-American War of 1898
USS Maine
- U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War
- It was actually an accident. It was caused by a coal bunker that was underwater. The USS Maine used coal as fuel which caused the explosion
- Remember the Maine to Hell with Spain - by Hearst
- The United States government and press blamed the tragedy on the Spanish.
Teller Amendment
- U.S pledging for Cuba - Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war
- April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but this amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba
- This legislation declared to the world that the US had overthrown Spanish misrule and would give Cubans their freedom. The US honored it in 1902, and withdrew from Cuba.
Spanish-American War
- 1898 - America wanted Spain to peacefully resolve the Cuaban's fight for independence
- The start of the war was due in large part to yellow journalism
- All began with the blowing up of the USS Maine. We thought Spain had blown up the ship since we had beef with the ambassador for insulting President McKinley. All this resulted in Hearst yellow journalism which infused the War Fever.
- Opened up the idea of the Panama Canal
George Dewey
- United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines
- Is told if war happens to attack the Spanish at Manila Bay
Battle of Manila Bay
- First Battle of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines; decisive US victory under Commodore George Dewey (US steel ships vs. Spanish wooden ships)
- Splendid little war
The Rough Riders
- Were a group of American volunteers that formed to fight at San Juan Hill in Cuba. Many of them were cowboys, ex-convicts, and other rugged men. Colonel Leonard Wood led the group, but Theodore Roosevelt organized it. They were named "Wood's Weary Walkers" because by the time they got to Cuba to fight most of their horses were gone.
Battle of San Juan Hill
- One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt and Rough Riders/Buffalo Soldiers defeated Spain. Placed America at an advantage
- American ships destroyed the Spanish fleet in Cuba. In August, the US and Spain agreed to a treaty ending the war.
Philippine Insurrection
- The situation deteriorated and eventually we entered into a war with the Philippines. Emilio Aguinaldo helped Americans fight Spain only to turn on them once free. In 1901, Aguinaldo surrendered which greatly hurt the Filippino cause. The Philippines was not an independent nation until July 4, 1946.
- Dec. 1941 Japanese captures the Phil. The american's couldn't get there fast enough
Shows the US that empires bring headaches
Open Door Notes
- Message delivered by John Hay in the summer of 1899 to the nations of the world, begging them to respect Chinese rights and influence in the spirit of fair competition.
Boxer Rebellion
- Wanted to get rid of all foreign influence. thought that the westerners took away their jobs. thought that westerners angered the Chinese spirits because they were in a time of famine. Anti-Christian: killed missionaries and chinese people who converted
Theodore Roosevelt
- Very wealthy/Intelligent (Went to Harvard)
- Very outdoor ("It's better to wear out then to rust out")
- First president to ride in airplanes and submarines, climbed the matterhorn (in the Swiss Alps)
- Author / History
- Zoology/Botany
- History Major (Wrote a history book on the war of 1812)
- He was McKinley vice president. After McKinley was assassinated, he became president. Before presidency he was the one who invoked Colonel Dewey to go and take control the Filipino islands; Followed Big Stick governing.
Venezuelan Crisis
- Was deeply in debt to Germany and Germany wanted to force Venezuela to pay up and brought over their army
- The US wanted to be the dominant nation and we did not want Germany to flex their guns but we understood why they did that
- Solution: Teddy Roosevelt made a deal and Venezuela paid up to Germany
- Quoted the Monroe doctrine
(Germany violated the Monroe Doctrine by blockading Venezuelan harbors after the Venezuelan government defaulted or failed to repay loans to German bankers (the British and French also supported Germany's right to collect international debts). President Roosevelt used the Monroe Doctrine and threatened to attack German ships if they did not leave Venezuela alone and withdraw from the Caribbean. Germany backed down.)
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
- Nicknamed the "Big Stick Policy." Roosevelt grew tired of constantly having to "back up" Latin American nations who were in danger of being attacked or taken over by European nations. He promised that the US would start invading Latin American nations and running Latin American nations if they owed European bankers debts. Roosevelt and future presidents ended up using a "Big Stick" (force) to invade numerous Latin American nations.

- Germany was going to collect debts from Venezuela and many places in Latin America. Due to the Monroe Doctrine, the US couldn't protect their investments in Latin America, so Roosevelt basically rewrote the Monroe Doctrine saying that if Germany would do anything, then the US could interfere and be the one collecting money.
Panama Canal
- The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal. finally opened to ships on August 15, 1914, linking the atlantic and pacific oceans.
J.P. Morgan
- Financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks
- Claimed that "bitter destructive comp" always led to "destruction and ruin."
- A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation.
Thomas Edison
- Big time inventor. Was homeschooled so he could explore and invent more. Later on he decided to move to NY since it was the center of America's finance center
- Became a mass production inventor promising to produce "a minor invention every ten days and a big thing every six months or so"
- In 1877, the phonograph was created
- 1879, long-lasting electric light bulbs
- Edison improved the telephone as well
Homestead Strike
- It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.
Eugene Debs
- He was the president and the organizer of the American Railway Union. He organized the Pullman Strike and helped organized the Social Democratic party.
Wobblies
- Nickname for the International Workers of the World labor union, headed by Daniel Haywood
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
- Many railroad workers went on strike in response to wage cuts. Eventually President Hayes sent in troops to put the strikers down.
- A group of railroad workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad rose up and began to strike due to wage cuts. This spread up and down the railroad line across the nation. Railroad roadhouse were torched. President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to stop the strike. 100 people died in the strike
Knights of Labor
- This group, which peaked membership in 1886, grew rapidly because of a combination of their open-membership policy, the continuing industrialization of the American economy, and the growth of urban population;
welcomed unskilled and semiskilled workers, including women, immigrants, and African Americans;
were idealists who believed they could eliminate conflict between labor and managements. Their goal was to create a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.
- They believed that fraternity was harnessed to labor reform, and intended to set up factories and shops that would lead to a cooperative commonwealth. However, they ended up devoting themselves to education. ECONOMIC.
Haymarket Riot
- After the police fired into the striking crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings. It also harmed the interests of the labor movement. POLITICAL.
- 40K workers went on strike in support if an eight-hour work day
American Federation of Labor
- The American Federation of Labor was a union of skilled laborers formed by Samuel Gompers in 1866. The AFL quickly became one of the most powerful unions in the United States. They achieved success by avoiding larger political questions in favor of "bread and butter issues" such as shorter workdays and higher wages for union members. It merged with its rival, the Confederation of Industrial Organizations in 1955 to form AFL-CIO. ECONOMIC.
George A. Custer
- Discovered gold in Black Hills of South Dakota, his seventh cavalry division was decimated by the Sioux at the battle of Little Big Horn
- United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876) after foolishly dividing his forces.
Dawes Severalty Act
- Also called the General Allotment Act, it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian proverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators
- An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans. Of 130 million acres held in Native American reservations before the Act, 90 million were sold to non-Native buyers. (639)
Great Sioux War
- The Sioux Wars lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians were led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.
Ghost Dance
- A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good
Charles Darwin
- English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
-
Chinese Exclusion Act
- In 1882 Congress passed this act
prohibited Chinese immigration
- (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.
Social Darwinism
- Applying Darwin's natural selection and evolution theory to a human society, used to raise and improve the human race. used to justify the injustices and inequalities
- The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle
"saloon culture"
- The most popular destinations for the urban working class were saloon's and dance halls. The saloon was the poor man's social club during the late nineteenth century. By 1900, there were more saloon's in the US than grocery stores and meat markets.
Professional baseball
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Grover Cleveland
- 22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes
- Made the issue of Tariff reform central to the politics of the 1880s
- Honest democrat"; ILLEGITIMATE CHILD SCANDAL!!; aka the "veto-president";

*wants to reduce the tariff*

runs for president in 1888, where the major issue is the tariff. he wins the popular vote but DOES NOT GET ELECTED.
James Garfield
- REPUBLICAN; he is a HALF BREED; assassinated because he supported the civil service reform in order to defy the stalwarts! (the stalwarts got angry!)
-
Civil service reform
- The effort to establish a system for selecting government employees based on merit as indicated by competitive examinations. reduce reliance on the patronage or spoils system
-
Populist Party
- People's party
- Peoples party; national political party fromed in 1892 that supported a graduated income tax, bank regulation, government ownership of some companies, restrictions on immigration, shorter workdays, and voting reform
- Members of the Farmer's Alliance, this party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. Populists favored a larger role of government in American Society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy.
William Jennings Bryan
- United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school1860-1925)
- His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party.
Seward's Folly
- Was the purchase of Alaska from Russia. Although seen as a foolish purchase, this added more land and available resources to the U.S.
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Queen Liliuokalani
- Queen of the Hawaiian Islands; opposed the annexation of Hawaii to the US; became Queen after King Kalakaua died in 1891; in 1893, she was kicked out of the government; Hawaii was desperately needed as a naval base
- Tried to restrict the growing political power exercised by American planters in the islands.
- The haoles (white people of hawaii) overthrew the monarchy with the help of the US marines and John Stevens (US ambassador).
- Haoles wanted the US to annex the islands and President Benjamin Harrison sent annexation treaty to the Senate just as he was leaving the presidency
Walter Reed
- American doctor who led the medical efforts to conquer yellow fever during U. S. occupation of Cuba
- Doctor who was the head of the Army's Yellow Fever Commission. He proved that Yellow Fever and Malaria was transmitted by Mosquitoes.

- Malaria killed most of the mosquitoes while building the Panama Canal
- Scientist did not know at the time what caused it
They did not know what it was so they could not cure it
Emilio Aguinaldo
- Filipino insurgent who helped the Americans overthrow the Spanish rulers; he took his troops into guerilla warfare when the US did not give the Philippines their freedom; US soldiers broke into Aguinaldo's HQ in 1901 where they captured him
Monroe Doctrine
- This was issued by the 4th president, James Monroe. It stated that other nations could not interfere with the western hemisphere. Main purpose was to keep Great Britain out of the Western Hemisphere.
Was the dramatic industrial growth in America in the late nineteenth century mainly beneficial or mainly harmful? Your answer should describe that growth and discuss both its pros and cons before giving your conclusion.
TheBad-
People lived in bad conditions, How the other half lives (Reed). Farming the falling prices and farm production.
Good-Steamboats,Railroads,Telegraph,Telephone,Diversity.Moved the people to go to the city and find job.
Kerosene lamps, transportation, immigration
To what extent was the South during the Gilded Age new and to what extent was it a continuation of the past? Make your answer a broad response that discusses economic, social, and racial issues in the South from the 1870s through 1900.
Agricultural - (Sharecropping)
Race - (Jim Crow) (Schools)
Economics - Prices for all farm products decline. Cotton prices also went down.
Social - The size of farms decline, poverty, people started to live together and used the same land.
How did America's involvement in world affairs change around the beginning of the twentieth century? Be sure to discuss why the change occurred as well as key events and trends that illustrate that change.
War with Spain - USS Main, Treaty of paris.
Latin America - U.S Demanded Spain to stop its oppressive policies in cuba.
Monroe Doctrine - Us Would intervene in cases where Latin America Goverment probe incapable unstable.
Open Door policy equal rights inside china, GB, Germany, France, Italy, Russia, Japan.
Platt Amendment - Protect Cuba from foreign intervention.
Big Stick Diplomacy - Panamanian revolution
Russo-Japanesse War
- It was a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea. Russia wanted Manchuria, but the Chinese people thought that if the Japanese took over that land, then it would be the destruction of China. In the end, T. Roosevelt ended up helping them out. In the end, Japan was forced to drop its demands for a cash indemnity, and the Russians had to evacuate Sakhalin Island.
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