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Neuroscience Exam 1 class questions

Terms in this set (56)

1) What are the contraindications for neuro-imagining testing?
- having to lay flat
- claustrophobic
- iodine allergy
- gel allergy
- pacemakers, cochlear implants,
2) Electroencephalography (EEG) determines changes in brain activity that is especially useful for epilepsy or head trauma. The advantage for using this test is that it shows excellent ________ resolution, but the disadvantage is that it has poor ________ localization? (two main objective terms used for imaging)
temporal .... spatial
Which one of the following is not part of the peripheral nervous system?
A. Cranial Nerves
B. Spinal Cord
C. Spinal Nerves
D. Enteric Nervous System
SC
The insular cortex is involved in what?
A. Addiction
B. Memory
C. Alertness
D. Speech
addiction
After the neural tube closes and the adjacent mesoderm divides into cell clusters, the anteromedial part of the somite (sclerotome) becomes:
a.The dermis
b.The spinal cord
c.The vertebrae and skull
d.The skeletal muscle
vertebrae & skull
This neural tube defect occurs when the neuropore does not close at its inferior end.
a.Spina Bifida
b.Tethered Spinal Cord
c.Arnold-Chiari Malformation
d.Anencephaly
spina bifida
2.) The following is characterized by antibodies which destroy voltage-gate Ca+ channels in the presynaptic terminal and is associated with lung cancer?
Channelopathy
Myasthenia Gravis
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
1.) If the synapse is neuromuscular, axosomatic, or axodendritic the flux of ions will create a local ________ potential while if the activity is axoaxonic it will create a ________ potential?
Postsynaptic, Presynaptic
Local, Action
Action, Local
Presynaptic, Postsynaptic
Postsynaptic, Presynaptic
1. Pseudopolar cells consist of:
A. Multiple dendrites and one axon
B. One dendrite and 2 axons
C. No dendrites and 1 axon
D. No dendrites and 2 axons
no dendrites and 2 axons
2. The Na+/K+ pump carries ___ Na+ out of the cell and ___ K+ into the cell utilizing ATP.
A. 1,1
B. 2, 2
C. 2, 3
D. 3,2
D 3,2
2) Which receptor is the most common fast acting inhibitor found in synapses?
a) Glutamate
b) Acetylcholine
c) NE
d) GABA-A, GABA-B
GABA-A, GABA-B
1) The receptor serotonin is used to regulate all of the following EXCEPT?
a) Appetite
b) Sleep
c) Arousal
d) Pleasure & reward
Pleasure & reward
1. Which type of nueropathic pain is described as having excessive sensitivity to stim that are normally mildly painful?
a. Paresthetia
b. Dysesthesthia
c. Allodynia
d. Secondary Hyperalgesia
secondary hyperalgesia
2. Which of the following is not included in the pain matrix?
a. Hypothamus
b. Frontal Lobe
c. Thalmus
d. Cerebral Cortex
frontal lobe
1. Which of the following is the most important pathway for voluntary movement?
A. Reticulospinal
B. Lateral Vestibulospinal
C. Lateral Corticospinal
D. Medial Vestibulospinal
lateral corticospinal
2. Which of the following involuntary muscle contractions is always indicative of an abnormal pathological occurrence?
A. Cramps
B. Fibrillations
C. Fasciculations
D. Muscle Spasms
fibrillations
1. The Prosencephalon consists of what two main parts?
A. Metencephalon, myelencephalon
B. Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon
C. Telencephalon, Diencephalon
D. Jamesencephalon, Macekencephalon
C, telencephlaon, diencephalon
2. Which structure separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
A. Falx cerebri
B. Tentoral notch
C. Foramen Magnum
D. Anterior Fossa
falx cerebri
Sensory loss in nerves precedes in what order?
a) proprioception
b) cold
c) fast pain
d) heat
e) slow pain
Pain signals travel to what 4 brain locations?
thalamus,
midbrain,
reticular formation,
limbic system
1) What molecule must be present for in order for K+ and Na+ ions to move across a membrane against their electrochemical gradient?
ATP
2) What are the grades associated with action potentials for a stronger stimuli versus a weaker stimuli?
same voltage & duration
Myelination begins in the ____ fetal month.
A. 4th
B. 5th
C. 7th
D. 8th
4th
2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Type II Arnold-Chiari Malformation
A. Hydrocephalus
B. Facial Weakness
C. Deafness
D. Blindness
blindness
1. If the prosencephalon does not divide into two cerebral hemispheres, resulting in a single cerebral hemisphere what is this called?
holoprocephaly
2. What is the name of the stage of in utero development where organs form and what time (day, week, month) does this happen?
embryonic (day 15 - week 8)
Your patient has diabetic neuropathy. During sensory testing, you find that they are unable to feel your light touch and a vibrating tuning fork. If their neuropathy worsens, which sensory loss will they normally experience next?
Heat
Cold
Fast Pain
Slow Pain
Tickle sensation
cold
Your patient reports having extreme pain. You ask them to describe this pain, and they say it is "a sharp, shooting pain". This is most likely from an injury to what type of tissue?
Muscle
Nerve Root
Bone
Vasculature
nerve root
1) Which of the following is not a main type of sensory receptor?
a) mechanoreceptor
b) thermoreceptor
c) audioreceptor
d) chemoreceptor
audioreceptor
2) What is the fastest type of axon group?
a) 1a
b) 1b
c) c
d) A beta
1a
1.What are the steps of the motor system sequence and the parts that are involved.
1) voluntary movement starts with a decision - anterior frontal lobe
2) motor planning occurs, followed by activation of control circuits - basal ganglia & cerebellum
3) UMN activated - cerebral cortex & brainstem
4) send info to spinal interneurons & LMN - cell bodies in SC or brainstem-synapse w/skeletal muscle
2.You are assessing a patient who comes to you with the characteristics of hyperreflexia and clonus and you notice that when you try to flex their elbow they are strongly resisting you but as you hold their arm in this position it finally gives way to allow you to fully flex his/her elbow. What type of response was this patient exhibiting and in what type of injury would you see this manifestation?
clasp-knife response; UMN lesion
1. The primary difference between neurotransmitters and neuromodulators is...
neurotransmitters can be fast acting or slow acting at the synaptic cleft while neuromodulators are only slow acting by acting at a distance away from the synaptic cleft (in the extracellular fluid).
2. A patient reports that they are on SSRIs but do not take them consistently. You now know that this patient has low levels of seratonin and may be prone to:
Depression and suicide. This is important to be aware of during patient interaction.
1. Which of the following types of membrane channels open in response to mechanical forces, medications, chemicals, or temperature changes?
a. Ligand-Gated
b. Voltage-Gated
c.Modality-Gated
d. Leak Channels
Modality-Gated
2. Which of the following is not true concerning local potentials?
a. They initiate change in membrane potentials
b. Receptor potentials and Synaptic potentials are two different types
c. Is all-or-none
d. Temporal summation and Spatial summation can increase local potentials
all or none
1. Which does not make up the telecephalon?
a. cerebral hemisphere
b. thalamus
c. basal ganglia
d. corpus callosum
thalamus
2. Which space between the meninges contains cerebral spinal fluid?
a. epidural
b. subarachnoid
c. subdural
d. subpia
subarachnoid
1. True or false: in a PET scan the tracer stays in your blood stream, thereby limiting the images to the are where blood flows.
False
2. Angiography can be used with which of the following:
a. CT
b. MRI
c.TMS
d. A&C
e. A&B
A & B
1. The posteromedial part of the somite becomes what?
a. vertebrae and skull
b. skeletal muscle
c. dermis
d. brain
skeletal muscle
2. What is the inner layer of the neural tube that becomes the gray matter?
a. Marginal
b. Mental
c. Mantle
d. Mesoderm
mantle
1. All of the following are symptoms of channelopathy EXCEPT:
Migraine
Epilepsy
Paralysis
Muscle atrophy
muscle atrophy
2. Which of the following is fast acting?
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Glutamate
Substance P
glutamate
The Sylvian fissure separates the:
A. frontal and temporal lobes
B. frontal and parietal lobes
C. parietal and temporal lobes
D. Temporal and occipital lobe
frontal and temporal
Which is NOT a sign of elevated intracranial pressure?
A. Headache
B. Papilledema
C. Tachycardia
D. Diplopia
tachycardia
1. What are the three ALS tracts involved in slow pain?
spinolimbic/reticular/mesencephalic
2. What is the purpose of intrafusal fibers found in skeletal muscle?
maintain sensitivity throughout ROM
1. How would a lesion in the VPL region of the DCML tract would present in a patient?
a. Decrease in discriminative pain and temperature and crude touch on the ipsilateral side of the body.
b. Decrease in discriminative pain and temperature and crude touch on the contralateral side of the body.
c. Decrease in discriminative touch and conscious proprioception on the ipsilateral side of the body.
d. Decrease in discriminative touch and conscious proprioception on the contralateral side of the body.
Decrease in discriminative touch and conscious proprioception on the contralateral side of the body
2. What type of fibers does fast pain run on?
a. Ia fibers
b. Ib fibers
c. A delta fibers
d. C fibers
A delta fibers
A patient presents to the ER with acute head trauma and suspected intracranial hemorrhage. Which imaging modality would be used first to assess this patient?
A: MRI
B: CT scan
C: MRA
D: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
CT scan
Which of the following is not a characteristic of positron emission tomography?
A: Can be used to detect neoplasms and infection
B: Can provide measurements of blood flow, blood volume, and brain metabolism
C: Can be used to determine the role of different areas of the brain during activities
D: The radioactive tracer remains in the blood stream, and is not absorbed into surrounding tissues
D: The radioactive tracer remains in the blood stream, and is not absorbed into surrounding tissues
The pathway that decussates at the cervicomedullary junction and synapses with LMNs that control fine distal movement is the:
A. lateral vestibulospinal tract
B. lateral corticospinal tract
C. reticulospinal tract
D. corticobrainstem tract
lateral corticospinal tract
Muscle tone is resistance that is determined by:
A. weak actin/myosin bonds
B. active contraction
C. troponin
D. A and B
E. All of the above
A and B
What test uses naturally occurring magnetic fields associated with electric currents that are part of brain function?
A) MRI
B) fMRI
C) Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
D) Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potentials
MEG
What is commonly used as a therapeutic intervention to enhance neuroplasticity?
A) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
B) Transcranial Magnetic Simulation
C) Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
D) Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
TMS
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