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S&O: Chapter 23

Terms in this set (46)

Fine Motor Skills
Ability to use the eyes, hands, and fingers together in carrying out precise movements.
In-hand manipulation
- translation
- shift
- rotation
- coloring
- drawing
- writing
- cutting
- pasting
- manipulating small objects
- zipping, buttoning
What are some examples of FM activities?
- eye-hand coordination
- visuomotor coordination
- distal extremity control
What are synonyms for FM skills?
- difficulty cutting & pasting
- difficulty manipulating objects
- lack of smooth clapping or tapping
- awkward pencil holding
- tense writing/drawing
- heavy or light strokes
What are performance problems from Fine motor deficits?
- bilateral motor control, reaching /grasping, object manipulation
- construction and in-hand manipulation
- tool use
What is the foundation of FM development?
bilateral motor control
...
reaching/grasping
...
object manipulation
...
construction
...
in-hand manipulation
...
tool use
...
bimanual functional asymmetry
...
distal control
...
- repetitive hand patting
- alternating wrist flexion/extension
- alternating supination/pronation
- repetitive & successive finger tapping
How to we assess distal control?
- distal control
- finger individualism/differentiation
- encourage repetitive hand and finger movements
- makes the session more fun and playful
When is the purpose of using the whole hand finger puppet activity?
- locate hand in space (proprioception & sensation)
- locate the object in space (vision)
- acting to bring the 2 together
What is required in reaching?
- see the object
- shape the hand (haptic sense development)
- generate force for holding and manipulating
What is required in voluntary grasping?
7 mos.
What age is voluntary release?
integration of grasp reflex, letting an object go
What is releasing?
It requires skillful grasping and releasing in quick succession (inhand manipulation)
What does manipulation of an object require?
saccadic

example: from point to point in a picture or letter to letter or word to word in reading
the eye move rapidly in accurately from item to item
pursuit tracking movements
the eyes move to follow slow moving objects, among other things
- visual discrimination
- visual memory
- visual- spatial relationships
- form constancy
- visual sequential memory
- visual figure-ground
- visual closure
What are visual perceptual skills?
12
When does visual perceptual development plateau?
- visual acuity
- visual scanning
- cognitive processing
What is visual perception interconnected with?
- form perception
- spatial relationships
What are some Visual perceptual skills that could cause deficits in reading?
- visual memory
- visual closure
What are some visual perceptual skills that could cause deficits in reading errors and reading speed?
- TVPS (Test of Visual Perceptual Skills)
- Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (TBI & driving)
- The Beery Test of Visual Motor Integration - Visual Perception Test
What are the visual perceptual assessments?
motor free visual perception test
- subtests: visual discrimination, spatial relationships, visual memory, figure ground, and visual closure
- ages: 4-95
- 2003 nationally normed
- positioning the hand
- supporting the hand
- producing force
What are object manipulation skills for functions of the arm?
- pick up object
- hold or grasp the object
- execute the movements to manipulate the object
What are the object manipulation skills for functions of the hand?
force production
...
- pinch putty
- press a cookie cutter in putty or play-doh
- squeeze a turkey baster
- crumble sheets of paper
- twist or wring putty
- squeeze water out of a sponge
What are activities to promote strength development?
power grasp

example: using a hammer
handle or object held tight in the palm, and the arm and shoulder produce movement
precision grasp
involve the thumb and fingertips used to position or move an object
- holding the scissors
- using the assist hand
- paper-scissors relationship
- cutting action
What are the aspects of cutting?
...
know prewriting strokes
- developmental readiness
- balance
- stability
- object manipulation
- functional asymmetry: lead-assist hand use
- grasping of the writing tool
- prewriting experiences and coloring
...
the ability to translate, shift, and rotate a pencile
What does the child need in order to write?
1. the hand first comes into contact w each other
2. then the object is released from the holding hand to the receiving hand
an infant first transfers objects from one hand to another in 2 steps, what are they?
using black and white toys

for older children you could use black and white pictures or computer games
What could you use to improve the eye muscles of children with eye tracking difficulties?
you would recommend it for a child with too much force production to prevent dropping and spilling
Why would you recommend a plastic cup over a Styrofoam cup for a child?
to promote effective use of implements to increase a child's arm strength
Why would an OT practitioner use cobbler toys (toy hammer)?
associated reactions

example: the mouth moving in concert with the scissors)
What may occur when a child is learning a new skill and concentrating on performing a task?
have the child use a jig to hold the paper
How might you adapt a cutting activity for a child with an amputation?
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