Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

7 Skeletal System

Terms in this set (52)

Skeltal System (206)
Axial(80) and Appendicular(126) Skeleton
Axial Skeleton (80)
1. Skull & Associated Bones (29)
2. Vertebral Column (26)
3. Thoracic Cage (25)
**Skull & Associated Bones
*approximately 29 bones total
Skull
--Cranial (8 bones)
--Facial (14 bones)
Associated bones
--Auditory ossicles (6 bones)
--Hyoid bone (1 bone)
Bones of the Skull
Cranial bones (8)
--All act to cushion and support the brain
--Large surface area allows for wide attachment sites for muscles

Facials bones (14)
--Protect and support entrances to respiratory and digestive tracts
--Muscles can control facial expression and chewing
Cranial Bones 8
Frontal bone
Parietal bone (2)
Temporal bone (2)
Occipital bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Sutures
all connections that are immovable joints
--Dense fibrous CT
4 Major Sutures
1. Lambdoid Suture
2. Squamous Suture
3. Sagittal Suture
4. Coronal Suture
Facial Bones 14
*Maxillary bone (2)
*Zygomatic bone (2)
*Nasal Bone (2)
*Mandible (1)

Lacrimal (2)
Vomer (1)
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Palatine bone (2)
**Vertebral Column
--26 bones in total
(24 vertebrae + sacrum + coccyx)
--Bears the weight of head, neck and trunk
--Protect spinal cord
--Allows motion
--Average length = 28 inches
Vertebral Structure
--Body: Transfers weight to adjacent vertebra
--Spinous Process: Projects posteriorly
--Transverse Process: Projects laterally; Site of muscle attachment
--Vertebral Foramen:Passageway for spinal cord
Pedicles: Form sides of vertebral foramen
Laminae: Forms roof of vertebral foramen
Articular Processes:
Articulations with adjacent vertebrae
Vertebral Column regions
1. Cervical (7)
2. Thoracic (12)
3. Lumbar (5)
Cervical Vertbrae(7)
--Small body
--Large foramen
--Support skull
--Stabilize spinal cord
--Flexible
--Allows for head rotation
Thoracic Vertebrae(12)
--Medium body
--Medium foramen
--Support weight of superior structures
--Not very flexible
--Articular with ribs to allow for expansion of thoracic cage during respiration
Kyphosis
--Excessive curvature of thoracic vertebrae(Hunchback)
--Progressive erosion and collapse of vertebrae
--Decreased breathing ability
--Loss of height (elderly women)
Lumbar Vertebrae(5)
--Large body
--Small foramen
--Very flexible
--Support weight of superior structures
--Injury prone
Lordosis
--Excessive curvature of lumbar vertebrae
--Anterior tilt of pelvis
--Associated with weak trunk musculature
--Obesity, Late stages of pregnancy
--Lower back pain
Sacrum
--5 fused vertebrae
--Completely fused by adulthood
--Protects reproductive and urinary tracts
Coccyx
--3 to 5 fused vertebrae
--Vestigial tail
**Thoracic Cage
--25 bones in total (24 ribs + Sternum)
--Bony support for walls of thoracic cavity
--Protect heart, lungs, etc.
--Allows for expansion during respiration
--Base of support for upper extremities
--Aids in positioning of thoracic vertebral column
Sternum
--Flat bone
--1 Bone - 3 fused regions:
1. Manubrium:
--Trapezoid-shaped
--Articulates with clavicles and 1st ribs
2. Body (Gladiolus): Attachment point for ribs 2-7
3. Xiphoid: Smallest, most inferior portion
Ribs
--12 pairs; Flat Bones
--Ribs 1-7 connected to sternum by individual costal cartilages
--Ribs 8-10 shared costal cartilage to connect with sternum
--Ribs 11-12 no attachment to sternum(Floating ribs)
--Very flexible
Rib Structure
Head: Articulates with vertebrae
Angle:Site where begins curving towards sternum; Common site of injury
Shaft: Flat body; Attachment site for intercostal muscles
Costal Groove: Inferior surface; Contains nerves and blood vessels
Rib Fractures
--Middle ribs most frequently fractured(7 & 10)
--Most frequently at angle(Weakest part)
--Painful breathing
--Lower rib fractures more dangerous(Potential to damage diaphragm)
--Right side more dangerous(Potential to damage liver)
Linked motion of Ribs and Sternum
--Ribs depressed → sternum pulled downward/inward
--Ribs elevated → sternum pushed upward/outward
--Result: ↑ or ↓ volume of thoracic cage
Analogy: bucket handle
Appendicular Skeleton (126)
--critical to locomotion and movement
--Regions:
Pectoral girdle (4)
Upper extremity (60)
Pelvic girdle (2)
Lower extremity (60)
Pectoral Girdle (4)
--Connection point of upper extremity to axial skeleton

Structures: Clavicle (2) and Scapula (2)
Clavicle (2)
--Long bone
--Acts as strut between axial and scapula
--Only direct connection between upper extremity and axial skeleton
Scapula (2)
--Flat bone
--Relatively free floating(Clavicle,Soft tissues)
--Many muscle attachments
--Positions upper extremity
--Critical for upper extremity movement
Upper Extremity (60)
Humerus (2)
Radius (2)
Ulna (2)

--Hands and Wrist (54)
1. Carpals (16)
2. Metacarpals (10)
3. Phalanges (28)
Humerus (2)
--Scapula to elbow
--Brachial region
--Long bone
--Greater and lesser tubercles(Muscle attachment sites)
--Intertubercular groove (Large tendons)
--Distal end has interlocking structures with radius and ulna
Radius and Ulna
--Antebrachial region
--Held together by interosseous membrane(Fibrous sheet)
--Motion between bones(Pronation/supination)
Radius (2)
--Head is proximal
--Proximal = Smaller
--Distal = Larger
--Larger role in articulating with carpal bones
Ulna (2)
--Head is distal
--Proximal = Larger
--Distal = Smaller
--Olecranon (Critical role in elbow as hinge joint)
Carpals (16)
--Short Bones
--Arranged into *Proximal and Distal rows
*1. Scaphoid
*2. Lunate
*3. Triquetrum
*4. Pisiform
5. Trapezium
6. Trapezoid
7. Capitate
8. Hamate
Metacarpals (10)
--Long bones
--Lie within palm
--Named I through V
--Corresponding with each finger
--Articulate with distal row of carpals and proximal phalanges
Phalanges (28)
--Long bones
--3 Classifications:(Proximal, Middle, Distal)
--Thumb only has proximal and distal
Pelvic Girdle (2)
Coxal or Hip Bone (2): Each forms half of pelvis
(Joined by pubic symphysis)
--Joins with axial skeleton via sacrum
--Connects lower extremity
--Analogous to pectoral girdle

3 fused bones within:(Ilium, Ischium, Pubis)
Surface Features of Pelvic Girdle
--Iliac Crest: Prominent ridge for muscle attachment
--Acetabulum: Concave socket of hip joint
--Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS):Prominent spine for muscle attachment
--Obturator Foramen:Formed by rami of pubis and ischium
Greater Sciatic Notch: Sciatic nerve passage
Ischial Tuberosity: Roughened projection;Bears body weight when seated
Male vs. Female Pelvic Girdle
Adaptations for child-birth, body size and muscle mass
Female Pelvic Girdle
--Enlarged pelvic outlet (Wider, more circular)
--Broader pubic angle (Greater than 100*)
--Doesn't extend as far superiorly(Lower pelvis)
--Less prominent landmarks(Muscle attachments)
Lower Extremity (60)
Femur (2)
Patella (2)
Tibia (2)
Fibula (2)
Tarsals (14)
Metatarsals (10)
Phalanges (28)
Femur (2)
--Femoral or thigh region
--Long bone
--Largest, heaviest bone in body
--Forms hip joint with acetabulum
--Forms knee joint with patella and tibia
Surface Features of Femur
--Greater Trochanter: Large rough projection; Muscle attachment
--Lesser Trochanter: Smaller projection
--Patellar Surface: Smooth articulating surface for patella
--Medial/Lateral Epicondyles:Projection on the condyle; No articulating surface
--Medial/Lateral Condyles: Articulating projection
Patella (2)
--Sesamoid bone; Within quadriceps tendon
1. Apex: Inferior point
2. Base: Superior edge
3. Medial and Lateral Facets: On posterior, articulating surface
Tibia (2)
--Comprises leg or shank with Fibula
--Long bone
--Larger than Fibula
--Weight bearing
--Forms knee joint with patella and femur (proximally)
--Forms ankle joint with Fibula and Talus (distally)
Surface Features of Tibia
--Medial Malleolus: Large process which provides medial support for ankle joint
--Tibial Tuberosity: Attachment of Patellar Ligament
--Medial/Lateral Condyles: Articulating surfaces of knee joint
--Intercondylar Eminence: Ridge that separates the condyles
Fibula (2)
--Comprises leg with Tibia
--Smaller than Tibia
--Non-weight bearing
--Lateral to Tibia
--Forms ankle joint with Tibia and Talus
Surface Features of Fibula
--Head
--Lateral Malleolus: Process which provides lateral support for ankle joint
--Interosseous Membrane: Stabilizes Tibia and Fibula together
Tarsals (14)
-- Short bones
1. Calcaneus:(Forms heel; Attachment for Achilles Tendon; Strongest bone in body)
2. Talus: (Articulates with Tibia and Fibula to form ankle joint; Transmits weight bearing forces to toes)
3. Navicular:(Anterior to Talus;Medial side of foot)

4. 1st Cuneiform (All articulate with)
5. 2nd Cuneiform (Navicular and metatarsals)
6. 3rd Cuneiform

7. Cuboid: (Articulates with Calcaneus and metatarsals; Lateral side of foot)
Metatarsals (10)
--Long bones
--Lie in distal foot
--Named I thru V (Corresponding with each toe)
--Articulate with tarsals and proximal phalanges
Phalanges (28)
--Long Bones
--3 Classifications: (Proximal, middle, distal)
--Hallux only has proximal and distal
Analogies b/t Upper and Lower Extremities
--Upper/Lower: 60 bones, Pisiform and Patella
--Brachium/Femur: 1 very large long bone
--Antebrachium/Leg: 2 large long bones, Interosseous membranes
--Carpal/Tarsal:Many short bones (8 in carpal 7 in tarsal)
--Metacarpal/Metatarsal: 5 long bones
Phalangeal:14 long bones
Sets with similar terms