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PSY 202 Exam 1

Terms in this set (67)

monism
assumes only one underlying reality either mind or body but not both
materialism
assumes that the only underlying reality is physical there is only one body
mentalism
reality ultimately exists in the mind
dualism
the mind-body position that says that both mind and body exist
interactionism
the position that mind and body are separate but they interact
psychophysical parallelism
the view that the mind and body are separate entities that do not interact
double aspectivism
the mind-body solution that holds that mind and body are just two aspects of the same thing (like the obverse and reverse of a coin)
epiphenomenalism
holds that the brain's activity produces mind as a sort of byproduct, the mind does not influence the brain or behavior any more than the noise of a car's engine influences the way it runs
pythagoras and his society
philosophy and math constituted a lifestyle aimed at salvation, founded a successful school, soul was immortal, believed the soul had to be purified through studying science and math
heraclitus
fire is the essence - everchanging, "cant step in the same river twice", knowledge of the first experience influences perception of the second, there are laws that are constant but not things, presented a world not easily captured by math
parmenides
all things are one and never change, things only "appear" to be in a state of flux, experiences are invalid, rationalism was thought implanted by the gods and the way of truth, inspired Plato's belief that the sensory world is a lower form of reality then the world known through reason
atomism
universe is made of tiny, indivisible particles
democritus
there is permanence besides math, first complete theory of sensation atoms hit senses, primary and secondary qualities, primary in world, secondary changes w/ individual, reductionist/determinist
socrates and knowledge
sought fundamental concepts of truth and goodness, spirit and soul are found in the psyche, dialectic- logical argument will uncover truth, happiness can only come from self-knowledge
plato and pythagoras
truth comes from ideas- the mind, affected by Pythagoras - "let no one without geometry enter here", suggested in the republic that many women are superior to men in many things and should receive the same education
plato's tripartite soul
division of soul - reason, spirit, and appetite
Aristotle's three grades of psyche
vegetative
sensitive
rational
Hippocrate's four humors
humoral imbalance results in disease
1. blood
2. yellow bile
3. phlegm
4. black bile
Galen's theory of personality
too much earth - black bile
too much air - blood
too much fire - yellow bile
too much water - phlegm
Skepticism
the only way to avoid believing in something that may be false is to not believe in anything, you should not believe there is any basis for such rules of society
Diogenes
taught a back-to-nature life free from society's conventions, lived like a dog
Epicurus and Epicureanism
looking for pleasure in serenity and
freedom from fear - not in sensuality
Founded by Epicurus
Rejected the idea of an afterlife or of supernatural influences
St. Augustine
Knowledge from faith, not world
•Introspection to look within
•The Soul composed of memory, reason, and free will
•Therefore, science and philosophy not in the service of theology suspect
set the tone for the next millennium of the persuasive distrust of science
by the Church
• His philosophy laid the groundwork for Holy Wars
St. Anselm
•Scholasticism
•Use logical deduction to account for traditional theological teachings
Scholasticism
a system of thought and a method that dominated the middle ages, join faith and reason to use logical deduction to account for traditional theological teachings
St. Thomas Aqunias main contribution
unifying force for theology and philosophy
Duns Scotus and voluntarism
supremacy of the will in God
Ockham's Razor
parsimonious explanation the simplest explanation
Robert Grosseteste
worked on treatises on sound, motion, and color
Bacon
gunpowder, end of knighthood
Raymond Lull
envisioned a device capable of computing all knowledge
Machiavelli
"the prince" a handbook for rules on how to govern "the end justifies the mean", insight into human nature - cruelty, refers to the use of deceit and duplicity to achieve goals
Ptomley
geocentric (earth centered view) prevailed because it agreed with the theological idea of human's central place in creation
Copernicus
heliocentric theory - sun centered theory of the universe
Bruno's Theory
conjectured stars were suns, with each circled by planets possibly inhabited by sentient beings
Galileo
Studied everything empirically, weather, geology, astronomy, gravity, machines,
•Separated physical properties of objects from the subjective qualities residing in the observer
Harvey
studied blood circulation and discovered the heart is a pump
Newton and light
discovered law of gravitation, white light is a mixture of all colors, and calculus
Descartes and animals
rejected minds in animals, argued that vivisections might appear to be painful to an animal it is not because animals have no mind
Descartes point of contact between mind and body in the brain
the body is a machine reflexes instincts not immortal substance determined, the mind exists no substance not extended from the body - immortal, mind interacts with the body at the pineal gland
La Mettrie's man and machines
direct relation between physical factors and mental states
Spinoza's view of God and nature
pantheism - the belief that God is everything, equated God with nature, the ultimate nature of reality is a single substance with infinity of attributes
Leibniz and psychophysical parallelism
pre-established harmony - interaction of monads comes from their parallel and harmonious courses established by the supreme monad, mind/body solution
Leibniz and monads
simple substance, force or energy
Empiricism
the search for knowledge through experience rather than through reasoning
Locke and sources of ideas
knowledge is restricted to ideas, ideas generated from experience
Locke and vision recovery
visual sensations create the appropriate ideas in the mind
Locke's frog phobia therapy
systematic desensitization
Hume and association principles
resemblance, contiguity, cause or effect, monist - direct knowledge only of the mind's - doubt existence of self, God, and external worlds
Associationism
take basic principle of learning further by examining logical relationships
Hartley and ideas
associationism - take basic principle of learning further by examining logical relationships, combined Locke's theory of association with Newton's theory of vibrations - solid nerves in which tiny particles vibrate in response to sensory events, physiological level of association - impressions either simultaneous successive
Utilitarianism
achieve the greatest good for the greatest number
Cabanis and mind-body problem
the brain is designed to produce thought- relation between mental events and brain processes, he suggested the mental events are brain processes
Positivism
application of scientific method to social life, ultimate goal of sociology: social engineering - rational planning to solve social problems
Reid and faculties
common sense philosophy - faculty psychology, the mind was an entity containing a variety of active powers or faculties, 24 faculty powers, and 6 intellectual powers
Rationalism
the use of reason to develop knowledge, rationalists are nativists and hold that the mind actively structures sensory experiences into meaningful perceptions
Kant and experiences
passive sensory knowledge can not account for all knowledge of objects and their relations, the mind's structure and capactities must mold experience, accomplished through 12 innate categories of thought
Hegel and dialetical movement
the universe is an interconnected unity, evolution - everything is evolving toward the absolute, categories of thought are "out there" in the world not in our minds, the categories have their being in the absolute dialectical movement, everything leads to its opposite, synthesis- a new higher whole emerges becomes a new thesis and process starts over again
Herbart and Freud
Herbart conception of ideas striving to enter consciousness but being prevent through repression became a central feature of Freud's psychoanalysis
Lotze's major contribution
theory of spatial perception - comes from experience with non-spatial input
Romanticism
an emphasis on the whole person and particularly on personal feelings, reaction against empiricism and rationalism,
Rousseau and romanticism
Social Contract - surrender rights and freedoms to get along
- natural goodness of man and society corrupting influence
- Emile - essay on education - reason is against belief in god and immortality
Goethe and his fear of heights
aversions to sounds, heights, and dark places - treated with implosive therapy
- exact observation of phenomena, intact meaningful experiences Gestalt phenomenology
Purkinje shift
a change from cone vision to rod vision in twilight
Existentialism
stresses the individual's isolation in an hostile universe and freedom of choice
- subjective meaning should be psychology's central focus
- freedom to make choices and must take responsibility for their choices
Kierkegaard's famous works
Either/or, the concept of dread, the sickness unto death
Nietzche's characterization of humans
will to power
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