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Chapter 6 Vocabulary Learning AP Psychology

Terms in this set (59)

Learning
any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience
Phobias
irrational fears of specific objects or situations
Classical Conditioning
type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (Pavlovian Conditioning)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity evoke a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR)
learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
Elicited
drawn forth
Trial
in classical conditioning consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli
Acquisition
initial stage of learning something
Extinction
gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
Spontaneous Recovery
reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to conditioned stimulus
Stimulus Generalization
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Higher-Order Conditioning
a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Operant Conditioning
form of learning in which response come to be controlled by their consequences (instrumental Learning)
Law of Effect
if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened
Reinforcement
occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)
a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequence of the response are systematically controlled
Emit
send forth
Reinforcement Contingencies
circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to to the presentation of reinforcers
Cumulative Recorder
creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner Box as a function of time
Shaping
consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response
Resistance to Extinction
occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated
Discriminative Stimuli
cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response
Primary Reinforcers
events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers
events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
Schedule of Reinforcement
determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer
Continuous Reinforcement
occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced
Intermittent (Partial) Reinforcement
occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule
reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses
Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule
reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses
Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule
reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed
Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule
reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed
Escape Learning
organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
Avoidance Learning
organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurng
Punishment
occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
Instinctive Drift
occurs when an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes
Latent Learning
learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs
Observational Learning
occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models
Behavior Modification
systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
Behavioral Contract
written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program
Conditioned Reinforcers
Secondary Reinforcers
Evaluative Conditioning
efforts to transfer the emotion attached to the UCS to a new CS
Negative Symptoms
schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech
Pavlovian Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Positive Reinforcement
reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
Respondent Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Chamber
Skinner Box
Partial Reinforcement
Intermittent Reinforcement
Ivan Pavlov
described Classical Conditioning first
John B. Watson
founded behaviorism and conducted research with Little Albert
E. L. Thorndike
developd Law of Effect and coined term Instrumental Learning
B. F. Skinner
elaborated Operant Conditioning, investigated schedule of reinforcements, and developed developed program learning
Robert Rescoria
asserted environmental stimuli serve as signal and some stimuli in classical conditiong are better stimuli than others
Albert Bandura
described and extensively investigated process of observational learning
Martin Seligman
discovered taste aversion resulted only from taste and nausea pairing, nothing else like taste and shock
John Garcia
proposed Theory of Preparedness, notion that there are specie's specific predispositions to condition to certain stimuli and not to others
Instrumental Learning
Operant Conditioning
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