CLA30 Quiz 2

Terms in this set (40)

How many parts of speech are there?
8 classes
"classes of words"
Content Words
-verbs
-nouns
-adjectives
-adverbs
(words that build vocabulary)
Function Words
-prepositions
-pronouns
-interjections
-conjections
Nouns
-persons, places, or things
Noun morphological test (form)
-if you see a word can be made plural by changing its form with the morpheme {s}, then it is a noun
-but does not ALWAYS work
Noun syntactical test (arrangement)
- if you see a word comfortably fits in the position after the noun markers (the, a, many, that, these)
Adjectives answer:
- how many
-which one(s)
- what kind
Adjective morphological test
- you can see if a word can be given the ending "-er" or
"-est" (as with the word sad)

-works with short adjectives but not with longer ones (beautiful), if you can add "more" or "most"
Adjective syntactical test
- do they go well between a noun marker and its noun?
(the good horse)

- do they go well after the word seems?
(the horse seems good)
noun modifiers
- nouns that come before other nouns and modify a head noun like adjectives
(doesn't fit english well)
verbs morphological
- verbs change tense
transitive verbs
- the action goes from the subject across the verb to an object
(the dog chases the rabbit)
intransitive verbs
- the action does not go across the verb to an object
(the dog waits patiently)
transitive sentences
-John moves the table away
-I walked the dog
-I taste the biscuit
intransitive sentences
-John moves away
-I walked to the store
-The biscuit tastes yucky
Adverbs
-no accurate morphological test
-no easy syntactical test

-they modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
-they answer HOW, WHEN, and WHERE
Preposition
-usually words like of, with by, for, from, to, in, on, into, onto, at
-something placed before a noun or pronoun
-preposition (< Lat. prae = before, + positio, placement < positus
p.p.p. of pono, ponere, posui, positus)

-have nouns or noun phrases (or pronouns) after them, and the combination of preposition + noun = prepositional
phrase. The noun after them is called the "object of a
preposition."
Preposition warning
- can also be an adverb
Latin syntax/English syntax
-most latin (and Greek) words change their form to show their use in the sentence
-English mostly uses word order to achieve this
Winston Churchill 1940
"We shall fight on the beaches; we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender."

Anglo-Saxon syntax (word order, repetition) and vocabulary (short and powerful)
Latinate Register: (Gibbon)
"Objective consideration of contemporary phenomena compels the conclusion that success or failure in competitive activities exhibits no tendency to be commensurate with innate capacity, but that a considerable element of the unpredictable must inevitably be taken into account."

George Orwell, Politics and the English Language, 1946.
Nasalized gamma
- When gamma comes before another gamma or before a kappa, a chi, or a xi (these are all pronounced in the same place in the mouth as gamma), it is pronounced "ng" as in "sing."

-nasalized bc pronounced through the nose
more on greek writing
-The Greeks had two "k" sounds, two "p" sounds, and two "t" sounds.
p-sound
with breath: phi
without breath: pi
t-sound
with breath: theta
without breath: tau
k-sounds
with breath: chi
without breath: kappa
pro tempore (pro tem)
for the time
now = temporary
ex officio
out of duty/from duty
now = by virtue of one's office or official position
magnum opus
great work
now = one's masterpiece
persona non grata
person not welcome
now = person officially banned from X because of past offensive behavior or some political ideology
ex cathedra
out of/from the chair/set
now = (to speak) from a position of authority
diphthongs
(from Greek di-, "double," and phthongos, "sound") are two vowels that blend into one sound.
alchemist
Arabic/Greek
etiology: the transmutation
now = practitioners of a form of chemistry and speculative philosophy in the middle ages, practitioners of the transmutation of something of little value into something of great value
pandemonium
Greek; "[realm of] all demons"
lunatic
Latin; "moonstruck"
punch
Hindi, Sanskrit; "drink with five ingredients"
decimate
Latin; "punish [kill] every tenth person"
stationary/stationery
[both from Latin stare = to stand; stationary is an adj. = to remain in one place; stationery = material that you buy to write letters for special occasions, etc.
conservatism/conservation
[both from Latin conservare = to preserve] conservatism = to preserve one's traditional customs and be against 'progress'; conservation = the attempt to preserve something, usually art/endangered animals, etc.
rout/route
[both from Latin rupta 'broken up'] rout = to to completely defeat someone; route is a path or direction to some place
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