Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

Speech Acoustics 486

Terms in this set (36)

The human ear is capable of processing signals with an intensity approaching _______ dB SPL, however the range of intensity of speech is relatively small
130
How many dB SPL is Converstational speech
65
How many dB SPL is Shouting
85
How many dB SPL is faint speech
45
what is the range between the loudest level and softest level of speech we are exposed to?
40 dB
What is the intensity difference between the softest and loudest sound produced
28 dB
the vowel "aw" has about ______ times the energy of the unvoiced /th/ sound
680
Individual speakers may produce variations in two phonemes as great as ______ dB
56
males speak at an intensity that is about _____ dB greater than females
3
Which has greater energy: vowels or consonants
vowels
Intensity permits to what measurement, as Frequency permits to what measurement
Intensity: dB SPL
Frequency: Hz
What is the range of acoustic energy?
50-10,000 Hz
The greatest energy lies below _______ Hz
1,000
above 1,000 Hz, the energy of speech decreases at what?
A 9 dB octave rate
Concentration of energy in the lower frequencies is due to what?
Fundamental frequency of the voice
What are the high intensity/spectral characteristics of vowels?
F1/F2
English Vowels are.....
-Primarily low- and mid frequency acoustic energy
-Two to three areas of concentration: formants
- result of resonances that occur in the VT during phonation
You need to hear what to identify a vowel correctly?
the first two formants (Peterson & Barney)
- based on the relative distance between F1 and F2 not the absolute value of each formant
You need to have auditory access to cues above what what level to hear F2 and ___________
840 hZ, and to discriminate vowels
If you have a high frequency HL and cant hear above 1,000 Hz you
have poor access to F2 of many vowels
Formant frequencies result from what?
Changes in the VT resonance due to tongue placement and tongue height during production
Consonant sounds vs. vowels
- consonants have less energy than vowels
- generally fall in the mid- high frequency range
consonant features associated with them:
- Voicing ( low frequency cue)
- Manner (low to mid frequency cue)
- Place (high frequency cue)
People with HL tend to have difficulty.....
hearing the place of artic cue
Voiceless consonants.....
have a later VOT than their voiced cognates
- Unvoiced= VOT of 25 ms or greater
- Voiced= VOT of 20 ms or greater
= this is how english speakers make categorical discrimation
Manner is?
How a sound is produced!!!!! (low-mid frequency cue)
Stop- airflow is stopped by the articulators
Plosive- airflow is stopped, then released
Nasal- velum is opened for air to flow through nose
Fricative- turbulence at sight of constriction
Affricate- a stop and fricative combined
Glide- have slight vowel-like characteristics continuants
Liquid- have more vowel-like characteristics than glides
Place is?
Where a sound is produced!!!!! (high frequency range , often difficult for HL individuals)
Bilabial- lips together, front of mouth
Labiodental- teeth and lips, front of mouth
linguadental- tongue between teeth, front
Alveolar- tongue-tip behind alveolar ridge
palatal- tongue-blade on palate
velar- back of tongue body meets velum
glottal- restriction at the back of the mouth
Suprasegmental cues for speech
- intonation
-rhythm
-stress
-pitch
-duration
-intensity
-pattern (syllable number)
*** Low frequency- associated with fundamental frequency
A person with HL of a typical configuration (better in the low frequencies, worse in the high) should have easy access to:
- suprasegmental cues for speech
- most vowel information (F1 and F2)
- voicing cues for consonants
- some manner cues for consonants
Importance of low frequency hearing....many social/pragmatic conventions are carried in the low frequency region of speech:
- hearing the end of an utterance
- knowing when there is a pause in teh conversation
- hearing the contour for a question
- knowing when others are talking

It is not so much a matter of accesss as expsorue to hear these cues in the environement due to distance, noise, etc.
Temporal patterns of speech
Duration of individual speech sounds in Englishcovers 30-300 ms
what has longer duration vowels or consonants
Vowels! (130-360ms)
Consonants= 20-150 ms
what is the average rate of speech
4.4 to 5.9 syllables
12-20 phonemes per second
transitional cues in speech
- vowel duration is longer preceding a voice
= formant of the vowel "transitions" to the final consonant - reult of movement of the articulators changing the shape of the VT
Physiologic event
tongue movement
acoustic event
frequency shift over time
YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE...