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Digestive System

Terms in this set (122)

Vestibule: prevent drooling
Hard Palate: form roof of mouth
Soft palate: house swallowing, gag, cough receptors
Uvula: closes off nasopharynx
Extrinsic Muscles: anchors tongue, changes position
Intrinsic Muscles: change shape of tongue
Filiform papillae: provide texture
Filiform papillae: provide texture
Fungiform papillae: house tastebuds
Fungiform papillae: house tastebuds
Vallate papilla: house tastebuds, detect bitter taste
Vallate papilla: house tastebuds, detect bitter taste
Foliate papillae: house tastebuds in children
Alveoli: house a tooth
Frenulum: anchor tongue
Gingivae(gums): protection
Periodontal membrane: anchor tooth into socket
Root: mastication
Neck: mastication
Crown: mastication
Parotid gland: secrete
Parotid duct: drain saliva
Parotid gland opening; vestibule opposite 2nd upper molar
Submandibular gland: secrete
Submandibular duct
Submandibular gland opening
Sublingual gland: secrete
Sublingual gland openings
Stomach: starting protein & fat digestion, storing, forming chyme, churning, peristalsis
Longitudinal muscle layer
Circular muscle layer
Oblique muscle layer
Cardiac sphincter (aka lower esophageal sphincter): prevents reflux
Cardiac sphincter (aka lower esophageal sphincter): prevents reflux
Pyloric sphincter: control chyme entry into duodenum
Rugae (ridges): allow expansion
Plicae circulares: increase surface area for digestion + absorption
Duodenum: part of small intestine, chemical digestion + absorption
Duodenum: part of small intestine, chemical digestion + absorption
Ileum: chemical digestion + most absorption
Ileocecal valve: prevent feces from going backwards, allows chyme to enter large intestine
Ileocecal valve: prevent feces from going backwards, allows chyme to enter large intestine
Cecum: defecation
Vermiform appendix: house MALTS
Hemorrhoidal veins (aka rectal veins): return blood back to heart
Anus: allow feces to exit body
Ampulla of Vater: drain bile + pancreatic juice into duodenum
Common bile duct: drains bile
Main (principal) pancreatic duct: drain pancreatic juice
Duodenal papilla: houses sphincter of Oddi + Ampulla of Vater
Ampulla of Vater: drain bile + pancreatic juice into duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi: control bile + pancreatic juice entry
Ampulla of Vater: drain bile + pancreatic juice into duodenum
Common bile duct: drains bile
Main (Principal) pancreatic duct: drain pancreatic juice
Ampulla of Vater, sphincter of oddi, or duodenal papilla
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
Greater omentum: storing fat, secure organs, routes for blood vessels + nerves
Lesser omentum: storing fat, secure organs, routes for blood vessels + nerves
Mesentery proper
Mesentery proper
Transverse mesocolon
Mesoappendix
Greater omentum
Duodenum: chemical digestion + aborption
Right hepatic duct: drain bile from right lobe of liver
Left hepatic duct: drain bile from left lobe of liver
Common hepatic duct:
Gallbladder: stores, concentrates, + releases bile
Cystic duct: drains gallbladder
Common bile duct: drains bile
Principal pancreatic duct: drain pancreatic juice
Accessory pancreatic duct: drain pancreatic juice
Principal pancreatic duct: drain pancreatic juice
Accessory pancreatic duct: drain pancreatic juice
Right lobe of liver: produce bile, protein + metabolism
Left lobe of liver: produce bile, protein + lipid metabolism
Falciform ligament: separate R/L lobes of the liver
Ligamentum teres: anchors liver
Hepatic artery: take oxygen rich blood into liver
Hepatic veins: drain blood from liver
Hepatic portal vein: takes nutrient rich blood to the liver
Right hepatic duct: drain bile from right lobe of liver
Left hepatic duct: drain bile from left lobe of liver
Common hepatic duct
Gallbladder: stores, concentrates, & releases bile
Cystic duct: drains gallbladder
Common bile duct: drains bile
Pulp: house blood vessels + nerves
Apical foramen: allow blood vessels & nerves to enter + exit root canal
Cementum: protection
Dentin: provide structural support
Haustra (pl)
Haustrum (sin): haustral churning
Teniae coli: form haustra
Rectal valves: allows gas to exit, but not feces
Internal anal sphincter: (smooth muscle) allow involuntary control over defecation
External anal sphincter: (skeletal muscle) allow voluntary control over defecation
Rectal columns: produce mucus, allows expansion
Salivary amylase
-secreted by salivary glands
-hydrolyzes starch in to maltose & other small carbs
-deactivated by HCl in the stomach
Lingual lipase
-secreted by lingual glands in tongue
-hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides
-activated by HCl in the stomach
Gastric lipase
-secreted by chief cells in stomach
-hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and monogylcerides
Pepsin
-secreted by chief cells in the stomach
-activated from pepsinogen by HCl in the stomach
-hydrolyzes protein into peptides
Layers of GI Tract (deep to superficial)
1. Mucosa (mucous membrane)
-epithelium
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosae
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
-circular layer
-longitudinal layer
4. Serosa
Epithelium
-mouth, esophagus, anus (NKSSET)
-fxn: protection
-stomach & intestines (Simple Columnar ET)
-fxn: secretion & absorption
Lamina Propia
-areolar CT
-contains majority of MALTS
-contains many blood/lymphatic vessels
Muscularis Mucosae
-smooth muscle
-fxn: creates small folds in the mucosa of the stomach and SI to increase surface area
Submucosa
-areolar CT
-rich w. blood & lymphatic vessels
-contains submucosal plexus (network of neurons that control secretions of organs)
Muscularis
-smooth muscle
-fxn: motility & involuntary contractions
-btwn inner & outer layers is the myenteric plexus (controls GI tract motility or peristalsis)
Serosa
-areolar CT & simple squamous(by location: mesothelium)
-aka visceral peritoneum
-esophagus lacks serosa. replaced w/ adventitia(fibrous CT)
Enteric Nervous System
-digestive systems nerve supply
-submucosal plexus (submucosa layer)
-myenteric plexus (muscular layer)
-ANS can regulate the ENS
-parasympathetic inputs enhance digestive activities
-sympathetic inputs inhibit digestive activities
Where are the deglutition (swallowing) centers located?
In the medulla & pons (brainstem)
Protein digestion begins via...
Pepsin
Fat digestion begins via...
Tongue (lingual lipase)
HCl functions
1. activate pepsinogen
2. kill microbes
3. denature proteins (mechanical digestion)
Alkaline tide
a brief rise in blood pH after a meal
(meals rich in protein)
Chylomicron
-transport dietary lipids to adipose for storage
-formed in SI
-formed when absorbing triglycerides
VLDL
Very low density lipoprotein
-made by liver to transport endogenous lipids to adipose for storage
LDL
Low density lipoprotein
-made by liver to transport cholesterol to body cells for use
HDL
High density lipoprotein
-GOOD CHOLESTEROL
-made by body cells to transport old cholesterol to liver for destruction
Blood cholesterol equation
LDL = TC - HDL - (VLDL/5)
Desired cholesterol levels
LDL < 130mg/dL
HDL > 40mg/dL
TC < 200mg/dL
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...