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PHLT 303 Exam 1

Terms in this set (40)

Define Health
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Determinants of health
-factors that influence a person's current state of health
-May be biological (genetics), socioeconomic (access to health services), psychosocial, behavioral, or social in nature
Social determinants of health
the complex, integrated, and overlapping social structures and economic systems that are responsible for most health inequities
shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources
Macrosocial
refers to factors, such as culture, political systems, economics, and processes of migration or urbanization that are beyond the individual and are explicitly a function of population systems.
* very hard to change
Population health
the health of whole groups of persons, be they groups within neighborhoods, occupational class, or other levels of aggregation
* not simply the sum of their individual parts
Globalization
- the removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade
- the process whereby national and international policy-maker promote domestic deregulation and external liberalization
-much more than fiscal trends and policies
-the processes contributing to intensified human interaction in a wide range of spheres
Community Level globalization processes
- Directly, basic resources (food, water, medications) need for maintenance of body functions
-indirectly, distribution of cost of these resources in the community are likely to have effect on social interactions and behaviors which may shape population health
- communities have different access to goods and services
Social services
-Local access to health care, emergency and security services, good educational opportunities and social support systems more likely to lead to good health
-Education and welfare services deemed as "fundamental determinant of health"
Physical Environment
physical conditions, which are affected by local, state, or federal policies, such as zoning laws, as well as by human behaviors and actions such as vandalism.
effects of climate change
local environments such as homes and workplace my lead to exposures to contaminants
Social environment
-shape our interactions, our beliefs and our behaviors
-likely interacts with physical environments
-induce social support and social capital, social contagion, spatial serration and inequality
-social disorder is conducive to deficit behavior
-social contagion may affect health positively or negatively
Population heterogeneity
-segration leads to homogeneity of resources, where those who with low socioeconomic position cannot access the resources that benefit more affluent people
-poor serrated population may have reduced health care access
-segration and incom inequality may erode social trust and diminishes social capital, affecting health
-*** spatial heterogeneity of socio-economic groups encourages diversity and allows an opportunity for resource sharing
- provides access to broader social networkds
National Level globalization processes
-underinvestment in national health services
-national social services
-environmental infrastructure; such as roads, built environment, water and sewage systems
Employment
-availability and nature of employment key
-unemployment creates chronic stress
-part time employment may create stress b/c no health insurance or retirement funding
-poor work environment may affect health
Income growth
-more income means more resources
-opening up economies to global markets lead to economic growth and reduces poverty
-more access to health care
Global level globalization process
-increased trade provides opportunity for exchange of 'good' and 'bad' resources
-exchanges in health care and education also good
-but migration of doctors, nurses, pharmacists and teachers to wealthy countries bad for source nations
Income distribution
unequal distribution of goods and services could lead to unbalance trade and inequalities among nations
Population movement
-spread of culture and technologies
-westernization may affect local culture and thus health
-spread of disease
Global governance
may affect all the components of globalization
-international policies may affect national health strategies TRIPS agreement
-adding global dimension to governance of health issues may be counterproductive
Communities and technologies
Enhanced communication affect population health through dispersion of ideas and knowledge and technology
-culture may mediate the relationship between global communication and population health
-may result in the adoption of unhealthy behaviors
Urban physical environment
refers to the built environment, pollution, and the geographical and climate conditions of the area the city occupies (features can be good or bad for population growth)
Physical environment framework on health
** community factors: population density, land use patterns, physical infrastructure systems (transportation and sanction) and buildings
** proximate level factors: air and water quality, dust and noise level, local climate, pestilence, and physical safety and security
the built environment
refers to "housing form, roads and footpaths, transport networks, shops, markets, parks and other public amenities, and disposition of public space"
- access to physical activity facilities to decrease likelihood of obesity
Physical environment and health
Greenspace (parks, community gardens) linked to better health for urban dwellers
-increase in longevity among elderly
-rapid city expansion could impact on surrounding agriculture areas and water resources, and the health of urban residents
urban transportation systems good
employment, health care, cultural activities
urban transportation systems bad
security and violence, noise, and exposure to pollutants
-urban dwellers exposed to water pollutants that include heavy metals, asbestos, and a variety of volatile hydrocarbons
urbanized area
place and the adjacent densely settled surrounding territiory that together comprise a minimum population of 50,000 people
densely settled surrounding territory
one or more contiguous block having a population density of at least 1000 people per square mile
Urban
territory, population, and housing units within specific size and density parameters
non-urban
those that are outside those parameters
Friedrich Engels
--economic production primary
--emphasized organization and process of
production
--strategy involved revolution, not reform
Rudolf Virchow
---inequality in the distribution and consumption of social resources
--opted for reform rather than agitation or revolution
Salvador Allende
-- impact of class structure, but more on underdevelopment and imperialism
--Opted for revolutionary social change through peaceful means
--but balance between reform and revolution still a problem in strategic planning
culture
the language and accumulated knowledge, beliefs, practices, assumptions and values that are passed between individuals, groups and generations
Social epidemiology
subcultures" or "difference", especially ethnic and racial, as one dimension of socio-economic status and inequality
Anthropology
Eschews broad definition of "culture"
--focus on the details of population patterning and distribution, individual and group differences, and culture as local knowledge and daily life.
-- view culture as a system of meanings, a web or matrix of collective influences that shape people's lives
Psychology
views a broader approach to culture: individualism and collectivism remain a major research theme
Sociology
individualization is a dominant theme, a defining Sociologists sometimes distinguish between "individualization" (self-determination, emancipation from traditional restrictions) and "individualism" (self-centeredness, selfishness).
Cultural consonance
is the extent to which individuals reveal in their own beliefs and behavior the cultural consensus
Cultural competence
the ability of systems to address problems in populations that have diverse values, beliefs and behaviors, including tailoring the solutions to meet the populations' social, cultural, and linguistic needs.
Psychosocial processes
involve interactions between social conditions and individual psychology and behavior;
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