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Digestive System

Terms in this set (93)

trace food from mouth to anus
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
involuntary process; the major means of propulsion, involves alternate waves of contractions and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls. its main effect is to squeeze food along the tract, but some mixing occurs as well.
peristalsis
rhythmic local constrictions of the small intestine, mixes food with digestive juices and increases the efficiency of absorption by the repeatedly moving different parts of the good mass over the intestinal wall.
segmentation
layers of digestive system
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
inner most layer is a moist epithelial membrane that lines the alimentary canal lumen from mouth to anus.
mucosa
major functions of mucosa
1) to secrete mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones. 2) to absorb the end products of digestion into the blood and 3) to protect against infectious disease
three sublayers of mucosa
a lining epithelium 2) lamina propria and 3) muscularis mucosae
2nd innermost layer is areolar connective tissue containing a rich supply of blood and lymphatic vessels. lymphoid follicles and nerve fibers. its abundant elastic fibers enable the stomach to regain its normal shape after temporarily storing a large meal
submucosa
this layer is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis. has inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells . In several places along the tract the circular layer thickens forming sphincters that act as valves to prevent backflow and control food passage from one organ to the next.
muscularis externa
the protective outermost layer of the intraperitoneal organs. formed of areolar connective tissue covered with mesothelium
serosa
primary function of small intestine
completion of digestion and nutrient absorption
three major division of small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
completion of chyme digestion via pancreatic juice
duodenum
90% of nutrient absorption
jejunum
masses of lymphoid tissue called "Peyes Patches" loaded with lymphocytes which destroy bacteria
ileum
release insulin and glucagon (endocrine function)
ilets of langerhaus
primary function digestive, produces enzymes that break down food and delivers to the duodenum
pancreatic juice
4 lobes of liver
right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe
largest lobe
right
metabolic functions of liver
makes glucose stores vitamins
synthetic function of liver
synthesis of glucose
digestive function of liver
produce and secrete bile - hepatocytes -cells that produce bile
hepatic portal veins
central vein
hepatocyte produce ->
bile, right and left hepatic ducts,common hepatic ducts, common bile duct, duodenum (empties)
made up of water, ions and bile salts. function
tbc
physical breakdown and manipulating of food in digestive tract
mechanical processing
chemical breakdown into small organic elements
digestion
movement of substances from the gi to the interstitial fluids and muscles
absorption
release h2o alias enzymes into gi to breakdown
secretions
removal of substances from body solia waster to outside of body
excretion/defections
accessory organs of ds
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
gastrointestinal tract
the innermost layer of the gi tract
mucosa
is the muscle inside the mucosa of the gi tract that causes folding to increase surface area, circular longitudinal smooth muscle
muscularis mucosa
the microvilli on the mucosa of the intestine
intestinal villus
what four things does the mucosa contain
epithelium lamina propria muscularis mucosa and mucosa glands
on the exterior of the mucosa layer, is a CT layer that contains blood and lymphatic vessels
submucosa
contains 2 muscular layers and surrounds the submucosa circular sm muscle myentric nerve plexus longitudinal sm muscle
muscularis externa
which layer of tissue lines the lumen secretes absorbs and contains an epithelium lamia propria and muscular mucosa
mucosa
where can stratified squamus or simple columnar cells can be found
epithelium
where can loose connective tissue be found its capillaries nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients (MALT) help defend us against bacteria and other pathogens
lamina propria
a scant layer of smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of the mucosa, ex twitching of this layer dislodges food particles that have adhere to the mucosa
muscularis mucosa
what is a thicker layer of loose connective tissue containing bv, lymph vessels and glands
submucosa
what is the nerve fibers that control movement of the muscularis mucosa and glands
submucosae plexus
what are muscles that contract to propel residue through the digestive tract and consists of circular and longitudinal muscles called segmentation
muscularis externa
what are nerve fibers that control peristalsis
myenteric plexus
what is a thin layer of a areolar tissue and simple squamus
serosa
covers the external surfaces of most digestive tissues
visceral peritoneum
what is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
parietal peritoneum
tissues that loosely suspends that organs from the body
mesentaries
the mesentary from the liver to the stomach
lesser omentum
mesantary that hangs from the stomach and loosely covers small intestine
greater omentum
Anchors the colon to the posterior abdominal wall
mesocolon
which structure is used for the ingestion of food, taste, chewing, speech etc
mouth
Median fold that attaches lip to gum
labia frenulum
Where is the site of taste buds
lingual papillae
What is the median fold attaching the tongue to mouth called
lingual frenulum
What is the structure seperates the oral and nasal cavitites
palate
What is the projection of soft palate that helps retain food in mouth called
uvula
What is the socket each tooth is embedded in called
alveolus
What anchors the tooth in the alveolus
periodontal ligament
What is the tissue that covers the alveolar bone called
gingival
What is the portion of tooth above the gum called
crown
What is the portion of tooth below the gum
root
What is it called when bacteria in the mouth secrete acids and enzymes that digest components of teeth forming holes
dental caries
What is the gum inflammation from calculus b/w tooth/gum called
gingivititis
What aids the tongue in holding and manipulating food
palatine rugar
What is the enzyme that begins stack digestion called
salivary amylase
What is an enzyme that digests fat after the food is swallowed
lingual lipase
What is an enzyme that kills bacteria
lysozyme
Which gland is beneath skin anterior to earlobe
pariotid gland
Which gland is halfway along the body of the mandible, medial to its margin
submandibular gland
Which gland is located on the floor of the mouth
sublingual gland
Salvation is coordinated by the what
medulla oblongata
What is the muscular funnel that connects the oral cavity to the esophagus
pharynx
Hollow muscular tube located post to trachea in neck begin inerior to posterior to larynx pass along mediastinum and endter abdominal thru diaphragm and esophageal hiatus upper and lower esophageal sphincters all 4 tissue layers
esophagus
What is the opening where esophagus meets stomach
cardiac orfice
What is the process of the tongue collecting food forming bolus and pushing it into the oropharynx called
buccal phase
In which phase is bolus blocked from the oral cavity nasal cavity and larynx
pharyngeal phase
Longitudinal wrinkles of the mucosa and submucosa
rugae
Depressions in the mucosa that lead to gastric glands
gastric pits
Activates pepsinogen to pepsin and lingual lipase breaks up CT and cell waves destroys pathogens
HCL
The active form digests proteins
pepsinogen
Essential for absorption of vit b12 by the small intestine
instrisic factor
What does the gastric glands cells
parietal and chief ells
What and where are gastric glands
produce the gastric secretions called gastric juice
What are parietal cells
secrete hcl and intrinsic factor
What are chief cells
produce pepsinogen once hits HCL converted to enzyme pepsin=proteolytic ezyme
G and D cells
endocrine cells
Produce/release hormone gastrin (helps regulates HCL)
g cells
Production/release hormone somatostatin (inhibit col of gastrin, inhibit chief and parietal cells)
d cells
Digestive processer that begin before food enter the stomach gets stomach ready for digesting
cephalic phase
How many lobes does the liver have
4
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