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Environmental Science: Chapters 7, 9, 10

Terms in this set (28)

Population Growth Curves
graph how populations grow, how fast a population could grow, how many individuals there are now, what the future population size could be
Populations
an interpreting group of a species in the same area, populations rise and decline according to local conditions
Global Population
society and cultural changes alter the way humans interact with the world, global populations are interconnected; humans also act as local populations (ex: family size)
Do humans have a carrying capacity?
it is hard to determine a carrying capacity for people, humans are subject o limits and natural laws of population growth
Thomas Malthus
In 1798, wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population: showed that human populations increase exponentially (eventually population growth is checked by famine, disease, and cultural factors)
Karl Marx
economist, an opposing view to Malthus', population growth is caused by poverty and resource depletion and pollution and other social problems, in order to slow population growth people need to be treated justly and oppression and exploitation need to be eliminated
I=PAT
I is the environmental impact, P is the population size, A is affluence, T is technology
Demography
field of collecting, compiling, and presenting information about human populations
Demographers
people who study human populations; migration, fertility changes, mortality; includes economic, cultural, social, and biological factors includes wealth and health care
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
average number of kids each woman has over her lifetime, if TFR = 2.0 the population is stable, if TFR >2 the population grows, if TFR <2 the population shrinks
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
number of births a year per thousand persons
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
number of deaths a year per thousand persons
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
(Births + Immigration) = (Deaths + Emigration)
Life Expectancy
average age a newborn can expect to attain in any given society (correlation between income and life expectancy), one universal indicator of health
Age Structure Graphs
a bar graph showing the number of people (males and females separately) at each age for a population, data is collected through a census, can predict a population's growth trends, can illuminate social conditions and help us plan for the future
Age Structure
the number of people in each age group
Dependency ratio
number of non-working individuals (under 15, over 65) compared to working individuals in a population
Population Momentum
the effect of current age structures on future populations, population growth cannot be stopped quickly (the earlier fertility rates are reduced, the sooner population growth can be ended)
Positive Momentum
a young population, many children are entering their reproductive years, even if each woman has 2 children births will still exceed deaths
Stable Population
obtained only when the population has been at replacement level fertility for decades
Negative Population Momentum
Europe's population will soon experience this, it has had low fertility rates for the past 3 decades, if the current TFR (1.5) continues for 15 more years,the population will shrink by 88 million by 2100 (several countries have adopted pro-natal policies)
Why do the poor in developing nations have large families?
security in old age, helping hands, high infant and childhood mortality, status of women, availability of contraceptives
Demographic Transition
pattern of falling death rates and birth rates due to improved living conditions accompanying economic development (4 stages)
Pre-Modern Society (stage 1)
poor conditions keep death rates high, birth rates are correspondingly high, High CBR is offset by High CDR
Economic Development (stage 2)
brings better standard of living thus death rates fall, birth rates stay constant or even rise, declining CDR, high CBR results in rapid population growth
Mature Industrial Economy (stage 3)
birth rates begin to fall as people see that most of their children survive, populations continue to grow due to population momentum
Developed Countries (stage 4)
transition is complete and both death and birth rates are low and population is in equilibrium, CDR and CBR are both low
Most developing countries are in Phase 2 and 3
death rates declined due to medicine and sanitation, fertility and birth rates are declining but are still above replacement level, populations
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