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Biology Chapter 6

Terms in this set (50)

Autotrophs
Organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds
Photosynthesis
Convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, primarily carbohydrates
Heterotrophs
Animals and other organisms that must get their energy from food instead of directly from sunlight or inorganic substances
Biochemical Pathway
A series of chemical reactions; the product of one reaction is consumed in the next reaction
Cellular Respiration
The oxygen and some of the organic compounds produced are then used by the cells
Light Reaction
Light energy (absorbed from the sun) is converted to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in ATP and the energy carrier molecule NADPH
Calvin Cycle
Organic compounds are formed using Carbon Dioxide and the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH
Light Reactions
they require light to happen
chloroplasts
organelles found in the cells of plants and algae
Thylakoids
Arranged as flatted sacs
Grana
Thylakoids are connected and layered to form stacks
Stroma
Surrounding the grana is a solution
Pigments
Compounds that absorb light
Visible Spectrum
Ranging from red at one end to violet at the other
Chlorophylls
Located in the membrane of the thylakoids are several pigments
Carotenoids
Function as accessory pigments
Photosystem
two types; contain similar kinds of pigments, but they have different roles in light reactions
Primary Electron Acceptor
A molecule in the thylakoid membrane
Electron Transport Chain
The primary electron acceptor donates the electrons to the first of a series of molecules located in the thylakoid membrane
Chemiosmosis
Relies on a concentration gradient of protons across the thylakoid membrane
Calvin Cycle
A series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sugar
Carbon Fixation
A total of three Carbon Dioxide molecules must enter the Calvin Cycle to produce each three-carbon sugar that will be used to make the organic compounds
Stroma
Under hot and dry conditions, plants can rapidly lose water to the air through small pores; usually located on the undersurface of leaves
C4 Pathway
One alternate pathway enables certain plants to fix Carbon Dioxide into four-carbon compounds
CAM Pathway
Is an abbreviation for crassulacean acid metabolism because the water-conserving pathway was first discovered in plants of the family Crassulaceae such as the jade plant
Chromoplasts
...
Photosynthesis Formula
6CO2 + 6H20 Light Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
Granum
The singular of grana ( stacks of thylakoids )
Visible Spectrum
The resulting array of colors, ranging from red at one end to violet at the other end
2
How many types of photosystems?
ATP Synthase
Located in the thylakoid membrane
2
How many different chlorophylls?
Accessory Pigment
Chlorophyll b is called
Green Light
Neither chlorophyll a or b absorb what?
Photosystem I
Light is absorbed by what?
Water
The thylakoid membrane splits __________________ into protons, electrons, and oxygen
ATP
Main energy currency
Stroma
The Calvin cycle takes place where?
Light Intensity
Photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases
Carbon Dioxide Levels
Increased levels of Carbon dioxide increase photosynthesis
Temperature
Increased temperatures increases the rate of photosynthesis
Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle
2 stages of Photosynthesis
C3 Plants
Plant species that fix carbon exclusively through the Calvin cycle
Tropical Plants
C4 pathway is used by many ______________ ________________ as well as corn and sugar cane
CAM Pathway
This pathway has their stomata open only at night
CAM Pathway
Uses less water than the other pathways
Calvin Cycle
The second set of reactions is photosynthesis
ROYGBIV
The colors of the spectrum
Pigments
Reflect colors that we see
5
How many steps are in converting light energy to chemical energy?
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