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Neuroscience Midterm

Terms in this set (18)

Describe organization of visual pathways from the retina
The left field of vision for both eyes is processed on the right side of the brain and vice versa the right field of vision. Info goes from the optic nerve to the LGN to the primary visual cortex
Describe how neurons in the visual cortex respond to orientation and movement
Parvocellular: Space, contrast, edges, color
Magnocellular: Motion, edges
Describe the location and functions of the two streams of visual analysis from to retina to association cortices
Parvocellular is the "where" and goes to the dorsal stream which terminates in the posterior parietal lobe. Magnocellular is the "what" and goes to the ventral stream and terminates in the temporal lobe
Contrast the location and function of Rods and Cones
Rods are located throughout the retina, except in fovea and function better at night and dont contribute to color or high acuity vision
Cones are located in the central retina including fovea and are responsible for color and high acuity vision
Role of striate cortex, CO blobs, and modular organization
The striate cortex takes in information, does some additional processing and then sends it to the extrastriate cortex.
CO blobs are groups of cells that receive info about color from the parvocellular and koniocellular layers of the LGN
The striate cortex is divided into many modules, each responsible for a portion of the visual field
Role of extrastriate cortex
It is responsible for combining info from individual modules of the striate cortex to allow a person to perceive objects and entire visual scenes
Describe the properties of somatosensory neurons that give rise to distinction of form and motion
SA1/2 - slowly adapting receptors responsible for shape/form
RA1/2 - Ra[idly adapting receptors responsible for speed/position
Describe detection of pain
C fibers, when activated send a signal to the spinal cord and the signal gets sent to the brain via anterolateral system
The C fiber immediately synapses with a interneuron and goes across the vertebrae and gets sent to the somatosensory cortex from ventral posterolateral nucleus
Types of mechanoreceptors and nociceptors
C fibers - sensitive to all
A(beta) fibers:
Type 1: mechanical & chemical > heat
Type 2: heat > mechanical & chemical
Sensitization in pain pathways
Hyperalgesia - normally painful stimulation are more painful near the area of injury
Allodynia - normally non-painful tactile stimulation is now painful
Describe the pathway for somatosensory processing from nerves to subcortical and cortical structures
Somatosensory axons enter the CNS via spinal and cranial nerves.
Info passes through the medulla --> medial lemniscus of the midbrain --> ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus --> the primary somatosensory cortex --> seconday SC
Name and describe sleep stages, behaviors, and disorders
Stage 1: light sleep (alternating periods of alpha activity, irregular fast activity, and theta activity)
Stage 2: Disengage (contains sleep spindles and occasional K complexes)
Stage 3: Deep Sleep (Mainly Delta waves)
REM: Paradoxical Sleep
Sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes
Name and describe different types of rhythms
Ultradian < 24h
Circadian ~24h
Infradian > 24h
Circannual ~year
Name and location of master clock
suprachiasmatic nucleus, or SCN and its located in the hypothalamus above optic chiasm
Describe the pathways and functions of cortical regions involved in control of motor behavior
The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex receive info from the parietal lobe and help to initiate movement through their connections and with the primary motor cortex, which causes movement
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