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Science
Medicine
Public Health
CHAPTER 2 - The History of Health and Health Education/Promotion
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Terms in this set (34)
What are the dual roots of health education/promotion?
Evolved from dual roots of school health and public health
How old is health education/promotion as a profession?
Health education/promotion as an emerging profession is just over 100 years old
NOTE: Difference b/w "education for health" & health education/promotion
In which geographic area does history focus?
Focus of history on Northern Africa & Europe
Early Humans & Health
- learning occurred by observation, as well as by trial and error
- development of rules and taboos
- believe in influence of evil spirits and gods
Early Efforts at Public Health
- evidence found in earliest of civilizations
- india: 4,000 y/a signs of sanitation
- oldest health-related documents
1) Smith Papyri [1600 B.C.] - describe various surgical tchs.
2) Code of Hammurabi- contained laws pertaining to health practices and physicians, including first known fee schedule
Early Cultures: Egyptians & Hebrews
- priests served as physicians
- Egyptians (3000-1500 B.C.): primitive medicine due in part to priest-physicians; known for personal cleanliness
- Hebrews (~1500 B.C.): extended the Egyptian hygienic thought; formulated world's 1st hygienic code in the biblical book of Leviticus
Early Cultures: Greeks
Greeks (100-4000 B.C.)
- 1st to put emphasis on disease prevention
- balance among physical, mental, and spiritual
- Asclepius (god of medicine)
~ Hygeia - power to prevent disease
~ Panacea - ability to treat disease
- rational med intro'd
- Caduceus (staff and serpent of the physicians, was a symbol of the temples of Asclepius)
- Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.)
~ theory of disease causation
~ health result of balance/ disease imbalance
~ distinguished b/w endemic & epidemic
~ 1st epidemiologist & father of modern medicine
~ Hippocratic Oath
Early Cultures: Romans
Romans (500 B.C. - 500 A.D.)
~ clinically copied Greeks
- great engineers, builders and administrators
~ built extensive + efficient aqueduct system
~ developed an extensive system of
underground sewers and public and private
baths
~ first to build hospitals
~ developed a system of private medical
practice
~ furthered work of Greeks in anatomy and
surgery
Middle Ages (500 B.C. - 1500 A.D.)
- political & social unrest; many health advances lost (
- Christian beliefs impacted health - belief that disease was caused by sin or disobeying God
- characterized by great epidemics (leprosy, bubonic plague, syphilis, etc.)
Renaissance
"Rebirth"
(1500-1700 A.D.)
- gradual rebirth of thinking about the world and humankind in a more naturalistic and holistic fashion
- science re-emerged as a legit field of inquiry
- human body open for study again
- disease and plague still ravaged EU, medical care was rudimentary
- disposal of human waste and severe uncleanliness were common problems
Age of Enlightenment (1700s)
1700s: period of revolution, industrialization, and growth of cities
- Miasmas Theory: belief that disease was formed in filth and that epidemics were caused by position that developed in putrefaction process
- scientific advancements continued
- health education/promotion still hadn't emerged as a profession
1800s
- overcrowding in cities, caused many public health problems - smallpox, cholera, typhoid, TB
- 1842: Chadwick's Report - documented deplorable condition's of British's working class, called for govt intrvxn
- advancements in microbio and bacteriology
~ 1875-1900: bacteriological period of PH
1900-Present
- 1900-1920: reform phase of PH
- first national voluntary agencies and health departments formed (mid 1850s)
- conception of prevention taking hold
- "New Deal" expanded social programs including PH efforts
- efforts shifted from communicable diseases to the prevention of chronic diseases
- Medicare and Medicaid bills passed, 1965
What famous Canadian report presented epidemiological evidence supporting the importance of lifestyle and environmental factors on health and sickness?
"Lalonde Report": A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians (1974)
Who was the 1st national effort to promote the teaching of health-related curriculum in the schools directed by?
Women's Christian Temperance Union
In which country did the first national effort to promote health of citizens through a more prevention approach take place in?
Canada
What major document was the first to recognize the importance of lifestyle in promoting health and well-being in the US?
Healthy People Initiatives and Public Health Standards
Health Education/Promotion
A recognized profession
- 1977: Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) Policy Review Committee approved a new distinct classification for health educator
- pursued for more than 25 years
- prev. included in "Instructional Coordinator" classification
- now possible to track # of health education specialists
What were the 10 great public health achievements in the US from 1990-1999?
1) Vaccination
2) Motor vehicle safety
3) Safer workplaces
4) Decline in deaths from coronary disease and stroke
5) Safer and healthier foods
6) Healthier moms and babies
7) Family planning
8) Fluoridation of drinking water
9) Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
10) Control of infectious diseases
10 Great PH Achievements (Canada)
1) Motor Vehicle Safety
2) Control of Infectious Diseases
3) Safer and Healthier Foods
4) Decline in deaths from coronary heart 5) disease and stroke (due to behavioural changes)
5) Healthier moms and babies
6) Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
7) Acting on the social determinants of health
8) Family planning
9) Healthier environments - Pb + Hg \/
10) Universal policies (benefits awarded solely on basis of age, residence or citizenship, without reference to person's income or assets)
What are the priority areas for action in addressing inequalities?
*Leadership
*Inter-sectoral action (CAN slow)
*Community capacity (CAN slow)
*Knowledge infrastructure
*Social investment
How must we move forward in health care?
- foster collective will and leadership
- reduce child poverty, health inequalities, build resilience, enabling families and communities
- strengthen communities
PHAC Action: Moving Forward
- help communities reduce health inequalities
- forge/strengthen partnerships
- partner with int'l community
- build an effective CDN Public Health System
- increase internal focus and capacity
What are the vital areas of partnership with academia?
CONTENT
- info
- priority areas (i.e. thru surveillance)
COMMUNICATION
- knowledge
- capacity
CONNECTION
- leadership
- sharing
- partners
What happened during WW1 that provided impetus for widespread acceptance of school health education as filed in its own right?
Too many young men were rejected due to preventable physical deficiencies
Coordinated School Health (8 Components)
Health education
Physical education
Health services
Nutrition services
Counselling, psychological & social services
Health school environment
Health promotion for staff
Family/community involvement
NOTE: CSH = low success
school health advisory council (SHAC)
provides outside leadership for coordinated school health program by community members to assist with the planning and promo of school health initiatives
Comprehensive school health instruction
the curricular component of the coordinated school health program
Topics
- alcohol and other drugs; asthma; crisis prep; food safety; infectious disease; injury and violence prevention; mental health; noise-induced hearing loss; sexual risk behaviours; pregnancy prevention; etc.
6 adolescent-specific health related behaviours of YRBSS
(1) behaviours that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence
(2) sexual behaviours
(3) alcohol and other drug use
(4) tobacco use
(5) unhealthy diet
(6) inadequate physical activity
What are the key elements of comprehensive Health Education in BC? (15)
1. Clear health goals focus
2. Research based, theory-driven
3. Individual and group norms addressed
4. Reinforces protective factors
5. Addresses social pressures
6. Builds personal/social competence
7. Provides fxnal health knowledge
8. Addresses individual values, beliefs
9. Personalize info and engage students
10. Age/developmentally appropriate
11. Culturally inclusive
12. Time for instruction and learning
13. Opps to reinforce skills and positive health behaviours
14. Opps to make positive connections w/others
15. Professional development
SUMMARY 1
History of health & health education/promotion is important; by understanding the past, people can appreciate the present
Today's concept of health education/promotion is relatively new, dating back to mid to late 1800s
Since ancient times humans have been searching for ways to keep themselves health & disease free
Progress in preventing & treating disease is evident in the early civilizations
SUMMARY 2
During the Middle Ages, much of what had been previously learned was lost
Renaissance witnessed a rebirth of interest in knowledge; science again flourished and health care advancements were made
Age of Enlightenment saw huge growth in cities as Industrial Revolution began; growth compounded sanitation problems related to overcrowding; epidemics were prevalent; many workplaces were unsafe & unhealthy
SUMMARY 3
By the mid 1850s, conditions were ripe for the birth of public health in the U.S.; govt. health depts. were created at all levels; school health education was budding
:ate 1800s professional organizations were created & voluntary agencies were formed; bacteriology phase of public health
Early 1990s was the reform phase of public health
Both WW1 & 2 provided important impetus for health-related instruction & physical training in the schools
SUMMARY 4
During the mid 1900s emphasis was placed on building new medical facilities & enhancing health technology
During 1960s & 70s studies supported need for school health
In the 1970s the cost of medical care escalated, & attn. shifted to prevention; national health objectives followed
During 1980s & 90s, health education/promotion made great strides as an emerging profession
The Affordable Care Act should expand opportunities for health education specialists to impact American's health
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